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Genes that help prevent cancer by repairing damaged DNA or by causing apoptosis if the damage is irreparable.

The process by which cancer spreads from the place at which it first arose to distant locations in the body.

The process by which a cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and divides. Dysregulation can lead to unchecked cell division, characteristic of cancer.

Genes that have the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are often mutated or expressed at high levels.

Programmed cell death; a mechanism used by cells to prevent cancer by destroying cells that are damaged or no longer needed.

Formation of new blood vessels; cancer cells can induce angiogenesis to supply nutrients to the tumor.

A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells by preventing them from growing, dividing, and making more cells.

A form of altered metabolism found in cancer cells, where they favor glycolysis for energy production even in the presence of oxygen.

An increased tendency of the genome to acquire mutations when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional.

Substances or exposures that lead to the development of cancer. They can be chemical, physical or biological.

The study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic alterations can contribute to cancer.

Characteristics that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells, including sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, and others.

Tests and exams used to detect cancer before an individual has any symptoms, with the aim of early detection and more effective treatment.

A type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer, using treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors or CAR-T cell therapy.

Cancer treatments that target specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival.

A cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

The process of determining the size of the cancer and how far it has spread, which is crucial for prognosis and treatment decisions.

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

The environment around a tumor, including blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix.

Specialized medical care for people living with serious illness, focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness.

Normal genes that can become oncogenes due to mutations or increased expression. They are involved in normal cell growth and division.

A subpopulation of cancer cells within a tumor that can self-renew and drive tumorigenesis.

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread; malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body.

A medical test that involves the removal of cells or tissues to be examined by a pathologist, often to diagnose or assess cancer.

Genes that make an individual more susceptible to developing cancer, often through inherited genetic mutations.

The process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional change. Disruptions can result in cancer.

The presence of a diverse population of tumor cells with different genetic mutations and characteristics within the same tumor.

Actions taken to lower the chance of getting cancer, including lifestyle changes and vaccinations against cancer-causing infections.

Agents, such as chemicals or radiation, that cause mutations in DNA, which can potentially lead to cancer.