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Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
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BRAF
Kinase involved in cell growth signaling; mutations such as V600E can lead to melanoma and other cancers via aberrant MAPK pathway activation.
WT1
Tumor suppressor involved in kidney and gonadal development; mutations are associated with Wilms' tumor and other cancers.
KIT
Codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in cell growth; mutations lead to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and other hematological malignancies.
CDK4
Cyclin-dependent kinase involved in driving cell-cycle progression; overactivity is implicated in a wide range of cancers.
RB1
Tumor suppressor gene coding for the retinoblastoma protein which regulates cell cycle progression; inactivated in various cancers.
ALK
Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell growth; translocations can lead to constitutive activation and oncogenic signaling in cancers like non-small cell lung cancer.
RAS
A family of proteins involved in transducing signals from outside the cell to the cell’s nucleus; mutations are common in cancer and can lead to uncontrolled proliferation.
CDKN2A
Tumor suppressor that encodes p16INK4A, a regulator of the cell cycle; frequently inactivated in cancers by deletions, mutations, or epigenetic changes.
PTEN
Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates PI3K/AKT signaling, mutations can lead to unregulated cell growth and survival.
APC
Tumor suppressor that helps regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis; mutations are commonly associated with colorectal cancer.
VHL
Tumor suppressor involved in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF); loss of function mutations lead to clear cell renal carcinoma.
HER2
Codes for a growth factor receptor which can be overexpressed in breast cancer and other cancers, promoting cell growth and survival.
NF1
Tumor suppressor gene involved in controlling RAS signaling; mutations lead to neurofibromatosis and increased cancer risk.
FGFR
Family of receptor tyrosine kinases that bind fibroblast growth factors; amplifications, mutations, or fusions can contribute to cancer development.
PIK3CA
Oncogene coding for a subunit of PI3K, which regulates cell growth and survival; mutations are implicated in many cancers.
EGFR
Codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell proliferation; mutations and overexpression are implicated in various cancers.
SMAD4
Tumor suppressor involved in TGF-beta signaling pathway; loss of function mutations can result in uncontrolled cell proliferation.
BCL2
Regulates cell death (apoptosis) and is often overexpressed in cancer cells to evade apoptosis.
RET
Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell growth; mutations can lead to medullary thyroid cancer and are implicated in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).
TP53
Codes for the p53 protein which plays a crucial role in DNA repair, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest; mutations are linked to various forms of cancer.
BRCA1
Involved in DNA repair pathways and maintaining genomic stability; mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
MYC
Regulates cell proliferation and is overexpressed in many types of cancers, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation.
CDH1
Codes for E-cadherin, a protein essential for cell adhesion; loss of function mutations can lead to increased invasion and metastasis in cancers such as gastric cancer.
MET
Encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor; aberrant activation leads to increased cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis.
KRAS
An oncogene that plays a role in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth and differentiation; mutations are especially common in pancreatic and colorectal cancers.
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