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Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

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BRAF

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Kinase involved in cell growth signaling; mutations such as V600E can lead to melanoma and other cancers via aberrant MAPK pathway activation.

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WT1

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Tumor suppressor involved in kidney and gonadal development; mutations are associated with Wilms' tumor and other cancers.

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KIT

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Codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in cell growth; mutations lead to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and other hematological malignancies.

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CDK4

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Cyclin-dependent kinase involved in driving cell-cycle progression; overactivity is implicated in a wide range of cancers.

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RB1

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Tumor suppressor gene coding for the retinoblastoma protein which regulates cell cycle progression; inactivated in various cancers.

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ALK

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Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell growth; translocations can lead to constitutive activation and oncogenic signaling in cancers like non-small cell lung cancer.

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RAS

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A family of proteins involved in transducing signals from outside the cell to the cell’s nucleus; mutations are common in cancer and can lead to uncontrolled proliferation.

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CDKN2A

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Tumor suppressor that encodes p16INK4A, a regulator of the cell cycle; frequently inactivated in cancers by deletions, mutations, or epigenetic changes.

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PTEN

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Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates PI3K/AKT signaling, mutations can lead to unregulated cell growth and survival.

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APC

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Tumor suppressor that helps regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis; mutations are commonly associated with colorectal cancer.

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VHL

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Tumor suppressor involved in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF); loss of function mutations lead to clear cell renal carcinoma.

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HER2

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Codes for a growth factor receptor which can be overexpressed in breast cancer and other cancers, promoting cell growth and survival.

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NF1

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Tumor suppressor gene involved in controlling RAS signaling; mutations lead to neurofibromatosis and increased cancer risk.

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FGFR

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Family of receptor tyrosine kinases that bind fibroblast growth factors; amplifications, mutations, or fusions can contribute to cancer development.

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PIK3CA

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Oncogene coding for a subunit of PI3K, which regulates cell growth and survival; mutations are implicated in many cancers.

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EGFR

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Codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell proliferation; mutations and overexpression are implicated in various cancers.

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SMAD4

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Tumor suppressor involved in TGF-beta signaling pathway; loss of function mutations can result in uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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BCL2

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Regulates cell death (apoptosis) and is often overexpressed in cancer cells to evade apoptosis.

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RET

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Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell growth; mutations can lead to medullary thyroid cancer and are implicated in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).

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TP53

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Codes for the p53 protein which plays a crucial role in DNA repair, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest; mutations are linked to various forms of cancer.

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BRCA1

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Involved in DNA repair pathways and maintaining genomic stability; mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

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MYC

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Regulates cell proliferation and is overexpressed in many types of cancers, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation.

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CDH1

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Codes for E-cadherin, a protein essential for cell adhesion; loss of function mutations can lead to increased invasion and metastasis in cancers such as gastric cancer.

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MET

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Encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor; aberrant activation leads to increased cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis.

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KRAS

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An oncogene that plays a role in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth and differentiation; mutations are especially common in pancreatic and colorectal cancers.

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