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Obtaining informed consent is a crucial part of the genetic testing process, ensuring patients understand the benefits, limitations, and potential outcomes of testing. Genetic counseling provides the necessary information and support.

Familial cancer risk assessment analyzes family history to identify potential hereditary cancer syndromes, guiding the need for genetic testing and appropriate surveillance.

Pharmacogenomics assesses how genes affect a person's response to drugs, which can be important in oncology for individualizing treatment plans. Genetic counseling can explain these insights and their impact on cancer care.

Genetic counseling provides information on the heritability of cancer risks, which can significantly influence decisions regarding family planning and the potential need for preimplantation or prenatal genetic diagnosis.

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes substantially increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Genetic counseling helps assess the risk and guide testing and management for individuals and families.

Genetic testing identifies inherited mutations that increase the risk of developing cancer. Genetic counseling is important before and after testing to understand the implications of the results.

Lynch syndrome is a hereditary condition associated with a high risk of colorectal and other cancers. Genetic counseling can assist in identifying at-risk individuals and tailoring cancer screening protocols.

PGD is a technique used in conjunction with IVF to screen embryos for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic counseling explains the process, benefits, and considerations to potential parents.

Polygenic risk scores are estimates of an individual's cancer risk based on the combination of multiple genetic variants. Genetic counseling helps interpret these scores and integrate them into personalized screening programs.

Individuals identified as high-risk through genetic counseling may follow enhanced cancer screening guidelines, such as more frequent mammograms or colonoscopies, to detect cancer early when it's more treatable.

Genetic counseling includes strategies for effectively communicating genetic risks to family members who may also be at risk, often a sensitive and complex task.

Direct-to-consumer genetic tests provide access to genetic information without a healthcare provider but may lack context. Genetic counseling helps interpret these results and understand limitations and implications.

Genetic counselors play a key role in oncology by assessing cancer risks based on genetic information, supporting patients in understanding their risks, and guiding them in decision-making.

Prophylactic surgery, such as mastectomy or oophorectomy in individuals with high genetic risk, can significantly reduce the risk of cancer. Genetic counseling is essential in making informed decisions about these procedures.

The potential impact of genetic testing on life insurance coverage is a concern for many. Genetic counseling can help patients understand the implications and their rights under the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).

Genetic counseling can have significant psychosocial impacts, including anxiety, guilt, or relief, and genetic counselors are trained to support patients through these emotional responses.

VUS are genetic variants whose association with cancer risk is unclear. Genetic counseling can help patients understand these results and decide on follow-up steps or additional research necessary.

Ethical issues in genetic counseling include confidentiality, the right to know or not know genetic information, and the potential for discrimination. Counselors must navigate these issues carefully.

Cascade testing is the process of offering genetic testing to family members of individuals diagnosed with hereditary cancer syndromes to identify those at risk and guide their medical management.