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Cancer Pathophysiology
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Melanoma
A type of skin cancer originating in melanocytes. Often due to DNA damage from UV radiation leading to mutations.
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue. Often associated with smoking and mutations in the EGFR gene.
Breast Cancer
Characterized by malignant cell proliferation in breast tissue; influenced by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors.
Colorectal Cancer
Cancer of colon or rectum, often beginning as polyps. Involvement of APC, KRAS, and p53 genes is common.
Prostate Cancer
Growth of cancerous cells in the prostate gland, often influenced by androgen levels. Genetic susceptibility can play a role.
Leukemia
Cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. Often results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
Pancreatic Cancer
Characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the pancreas. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes.
Brain Cancer
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell division in the brain. Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, and cognitive difficulties.
Renal Cell Carcinoma (Kidney Cancer)
The most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating from the lining of proximal convoluted tubules.
Biliary Tract Cancer
Includes cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer; characterized by the abnormal cell growth in the biliary system.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Cancer located in the nasopharynx, which is the area where the back part of your nose opens into your upper throat. Epstein-Barr virus infection is a risk factor.
Thyroid Cancer
Cancer originating in the thyroid gland, often presenting as a nodule. Exposure to radiation can increase risk.
Childhood Leukemia (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - ALL)
A type of leukemia common in children, characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes.
Skin Cancer (non-melanoma)
Includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, typically less dangerous than melanoma. Often caused by cumulative UV exposure.
Ovarian Cancer
Malignant growth in one or both ovaries. Often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and abdomen.
Cervical Cancer
Malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri. Most cases are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A rare cancer that begins in the soft tissues such as fat, muscle, nerves, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues.
Esophageal Cancer
Cancer that occurs in the esophagus, presenting difficulties in swallowing and weight loss. Risk factors include smoking and acid reflux.
Laryngeal Cancer
Cancer developing in the larynx, or voice box. Strongly associated with tobacco use and alcohol consumption.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Diverse group of blood cancers that originate in lymphocytes. Characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and night sweats.
Head and Neck Cancer
A category of cancers affecting the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Associated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV.
Uterine Sarcoma
A rare cancer that forms in the muscle and supportive tissues of the uterus. Presents with pelvic pain or bleeding.
Testicular Cancer
Cancer in the male testes, highest incidence in young men. Often presents as a painless testicular mass.
Mesothelioma
A rare form of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs, known as the mesothelium, commonly associated with asbestos exposure.
Retinoblastoma
A rare form of eye cancer that typically develops in early childhood and can be hereditary (mutation in the RB1 gene).
Bladder Cancer
Growth of abnormal tissues in the bladder lining. Smoking and exposure to certain chemicals increase the risk.
Endometrial Cancer
Malignancy of the uterine lining, often related to excess estrogen levels. May present with abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Bone Cancer
Abnormal growth of cells within a bone, which can be primary or secondary (metastatic). Osteosarcoma is a common type in young adults.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
A type of leukemia characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the digestive system. It can be benign or malignant and is often linked to a mutation in the KIT or PDGFRA genes.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Most common type of liver cancer, often resulting from chronic hepatitis B or C infection or chronic alcohol use.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
The most common form of skin cancer, which tends to grow slowly and is often caused by overexposure to UV radiation from the sun.
Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer)
Malignant growth in the gastric mucosa, with risk factors including Helicobacter pylori infection and a diet high in smoked foods.
Oropharyngeal Cancer
A type of cancer found in the oropharynx, the middle part of the throat. HPV is a major risk factor.
Salivary Gland Cancer
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the salivary glands. Tobacco use and radiation exposure are risk factors.
Kaposi Sarcoma
A cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. Often associated with immune deficiency states like HIV/AIDS.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, persistent fatigue, and night sweats.
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer that forms in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell, causing bone pain and kidney problems.
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
An aggressive type of brain cancer characterized by rapid growth and commonly occurring in the cerebral hemispheres.
Wilms' Tumor
A type of kidney cancer that mainly affects children. It starts in the cells of the kidney and may cause a swelling in the abdomen.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
A common type of skin cancer that originates in the squamous cells. UV exposure and light skin are risk factors.
Ewing Sarcoma
A rare type of cancer occurring in the bones or in the soft tissue around the bones, primarily affecting children and adolescents.
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