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Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue. Also called in situ, or CIS.

Cancer is small and contained within the organ it started in.

Cancer has not started to spread into surrounding tissue but the tumor is larger than in Stage I. Sometimes, cancer cells are also found in the lymph nodes.

Cancer is larger and has possibly started to spread to surrounding tissues and/or the lymph nodes in the area.

Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. This is also known as metastatic cancer.

Tumor is limited in size and extent; specific dimensions vary by cancer type.

Tumor is larger than the T1 criteria but has not spread to adjacent structures.

Tumor is even larger than T2 or has begun to spread to nearby tissues.

Tumor has spread into nearby structures and is considered large.

No regional lymph node involvement.

Cancer cells are found in nearby lymph nodes, typically small and in a limited number of nodes.

More lymph nodes are involved, and/or the size of cancer in the lymph nodes is larger than in N1.

Cancer has spread to more lymph nodes and the nodes may be larger than the earlier N stages.

No distant metastasis is found.

Cancer has spread to distant organs beyond the primary site and regional lymph nodes.

Primary tumor cannot be assessed.

Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed.

Presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed.

A cancer staging system used to describe the extent of cancer. P for Pathologic stage, T for Tumor size, N for Node involvement, and M for Metastasis.