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ENT Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

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Hypertension

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Can cause tinnitus or epistaxis. Management entails blood pressure control through medication and lifestyle changes.

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Diabetes Mellitus

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May lead to sensorineural hearing loss, dry mouth, and frequent oral infections. Management includes tight glucose control and possibly hearing aids.

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Amyloidosis

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May cause macroglossia, hoarseness, or airway obstruction. Treatment options include surgery and chemotherapy.

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Atherosclerosis

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Could lead to vertigo or sensorineural hearing loss via compromised blood flow. Management includes addressing the vascular risk factors.

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Chronic Kidney Disease

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May lead to sensorineural hearing loss or tinnitus due to metabolic changes. Management focuses on renal function stabilization and ear protection.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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Patients may experience serous otitis media and ulcerations in the nose or mouth. OFCs and antimalarials may be prescribed.

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Sarcoidosis

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Can result in sinonasal symptoms, laryngeal involvement, and cranial nerve palsies. Treatment includes corticosteroids and possibly surgery.

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Thyroid Disorders

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Can lead to voice changes from laryngeal involvement or myxedema. Management includes thyroid hormone replacement or antithyroid drugs.

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Multiple Sclerosis

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Can cause vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, or trigeminal neuralgia. Management involves disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic relief.

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Pregnancy

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May cause rhinitis, hearing changes, or epistaxis due to hormonal influences. Symptom management is usually conservative.

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Acute Leukemia

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Might present with otitis media due to immunosuppression or petechiae in the oral mucosa. Treatment includes chemotherapy and preventing infections.

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Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

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May present with otitis media, sinusitis, or nasal septal perforation. Management includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.

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HIV/AIDS

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May lead to recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and oral candidiasis. Management involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylactic antibiotics.

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Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

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Patients might experience otitis externa or mastoid bone lesions. Management involves chemotherapy and surgical intervention.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Can lead to otitis media, hearing loss, or cricoarytenoid joint arthritis. Treatment involves the use of DMARDs and anti-inflammatory medications.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Can cause aphthous ulcers and ENT symptoms related to inflammatory arthritis. Management involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or biologics.

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Sjögren's Syndrome

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Can cause xerostomia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and chronic sialadenitis. Treatment involves increased fluid intake, artificial saliva, and pilocarpine.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

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May result in laryngitis, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Lifestyle changes and antacids can manage symptoms.

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Anemia

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Patients may experience tinnitus or mucosal pallor. Treatment is based on the type and cause of anemia, often involving iron supplements or B12 injections.

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Cystic Fibrosis

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Can lead to chronic sinusitis or nasal polyps. Management includes CFTR modulators, antibiotics, and possible sinus surgery.

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