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ENT Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
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Diabetes Mellitus
May lead to sensorineural hearing loss, dry mouth, and frequent oral infections. Management includes tight glucose control and possibly hearing aids.
Hypertension
Can cause tinnitus or epistaxis. Management entails blood pressure control through medication and lifestyle changes.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
May result in laryngitis, hoarseness, and chronic cough. Lifestyle changes and antacids can manage symptoms.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Can lead to otitis media, hearing loss, or cricoarytenoid joint arthritis. Treatment involves the use of DMARDs and anti-inflammatory medications.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
May present with otitis media, sinusitis, or nasal septal perforation. Management includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Sjögren's Syndrome
Can cause xerostomia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and chronic sialadenitis. Treatment involves increased fluid intake, artificial saliva, and pilocarpine.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Patients may experience serous otitis media and ulcerations in the nose or mouth. OFCs and antimalarials may be prescribed.
HIV/AIDS
May lead to recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and oral candidiasis. Management involves antiretroviral therapy and prophylactic antibiotics.
Sarcoidosis
Can result in sinonasal symptoms, laryngeal involvement, and cranial nerve palsies. Treatment includes corticosteroids and possibly surgery.
Amyloidosis
May cause macroglossia, hoarseness, or airway obstruction. Treatment options include surgery and chemotherapy.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Patients might experience otitis externa or mastoid bone lesions. Management involves chemotherapy and surgical intervention.
Cystic Fibrosis
Can lead to chronic sinusitis or nasal polyps. Management includes CFTR modulators, antibiotics, and possible sinus surgery.
Pregnancy
May cause rhinitis, hearing changes, or epistaxis due to hormonal influences. Symptom management is usually conservative.
Atherosclerosis
Could lead to vertigo or sensorineural hearing loss via compromised blood flow. Management includes addressing the vascular risk factors.
Chronic Kidney Disease
May lead to sensorineural hearing loss or tinnitus due to metabolic changes. Management focuses on renal function stabilization and ear protection.
Multiple Sclerosis
Can cause vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, or trigeminal neuralgia. Management involves disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic relief.
Acute Leukemia
Might present with otitis media due to immunosuppression or petechiae in the oral mucosa. Treatment includes chemotherapy and preventing infections.
Thyroid Disorders
Can lead to voice changes from laryngeal involvement or myxedema. Management includes thyroid hormone replacement or antithyroid drugs.
Anemia
Patients may experience tinnitus or mucosal pallor. Treatment is based on the type and cause of anemia, often involving iron supplements or B12 injections.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Can cause aphthous ulcers and ENT symptoms related to inflammatory arthritis. Management involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or biologics.
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