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Pharmacology in Otolaryngology
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Diphenhydramine
Use: Allergic reactions, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, urinary retention
Triamcinolone
Use: Allergic rhinitis, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Sore throat, nosebleeds, coughing
Pseudoephedrine
Use: Nasal decongestant, Mechanism of Action: Indirectly acting sympathomimetic, Potential Side Effects: Insomnia, dry mouth, tachycardia
Guaifenesin
Use: Expectorant, Mechanism of Action: Increases respiratory tract fluid, Potential Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, dizziness
Ciprofloxacin
Use: Bacterial infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits DNA gyrase, Potential Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, tendinitis
Levofloxacin
Use: Bacterial infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, Potential Side Effects: GI upset, tendon rupture, CNS effects
Acyclovir
Use: Viral infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits viral DNA polymerase, Potential Side Effects: Kidney injury, nausea, headache
Hydroxyzine
Use: Anxiety, allergy symptoms, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision
Clotrimazole
Use: Fungal infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits ergosterol synthesis, Potential Side Effects: Local irritation, redness, swelling
Fluticasone
Use: Allergic rhinitis, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Epistaxis, headache, nasal ulceration
Oxymetazoline
Use: Nasal decongestant, Mechanism of Action: α-adrenergic receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Rebound congestion, stinging, dryness
Mometasone
Use: Allergic rhinitis, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Headache, nasal irritation, pharyngitis
Fexofenadine
Use: Allergic rhinitis and urticaria, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, diarrhea
Lidocaine
Use: Local anesthesia, Mechanism of Action: Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, Potential Side Effects: Lightheadedness, bradycardia, seizures (at high levels)
Cetirizine
Use: Allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Drowsiness, fatigue, dry mouth
Beclomethasone
Use: Allergic rhinitis, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Hoarseness, candidiasis, nasal septum perforation
Budesonide
Use: Allergic rhinitis, asthma, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Oral thrush, nosebleed, sore throat
Dexamethasone
Use: Anti-inflammatory, Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Immunosuppression, increased blood sugar, weight gain
Phenylephrine
Use: Nasal decongestant, Mechanism of Action: α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, Potential Side Effects: Hypertension, palpitations, restlessness
Neomycin
Use: Topical infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by binding 30S ribosomal subunit, Potential Side Effects: Ototoxicity, allergic reactions, nausea
Mupirocin
Use: Skin and topical infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, Potential Side Effects: Local irritation, itching, erythema
Amoxicillin
Use: Bacterial infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Potential Side Effects: Allergic reactions, diarrhea, yeast infections
Azithromycin
Use: Bacterial infections, Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis, Potential Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, hearing changes, cardiac arrhythmias
Loratadine
Use: Allergic rhinitis and urticaria, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Headache, fatigue, dry mouth
Promethazine
Use: Allergy symptoms, antiemetic, Mechanism of Action: Antihistamine (H1 antagonist), Potential Side Effects: Sedation, dry mouth, dizziness
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