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Head and Neck Cancers

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Hypopharyngeal Cancer

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Symptoms include ear pain, difficulty swallowing, and a lump in the neck. Risk factors are smoking, heavy alcohol use. Treatment can be surgery, radiation, or chemoradiation.

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Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer

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Characterized by nasal obstruction, sinus infections, and facial pain/swelling. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals or dust. Treatments may involve surgery, radiation therapy, and occasionally chemotherapy.

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Nasopharyngeal Cancer

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Symptoms are nosebleeds, hearing loss, and headaches. Common risk factors are Epstein-Barr virus, consumption of salt-cured fish, and tobacco use. Therapy consists of radiation and chemotherapy.

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Glottic Cancer

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Symptoms include hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and persistent cough. Risk factors are tobacco use and age. The primary treatments involve radiation therapy, surgery, and in more severe cases, chemotherapy.

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Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

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Presents with a painless, rapidly growing nodule. Risk factors are sun exposure, immune suppression, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Treatment often involves surgery, radiation, and sometimes systemic therapy.

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Chordoma of the Skull Base

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Symptoms are headache, diplopia, and cranial nerve dysfunction. Risk factors include genetic conditions like Tuberous Sclerosis. Treatments typically include surgery and proton beam radiation.

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Laryngeal Cancer

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Symptoms are hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and persistent cough. Primary risk factors are smoking and alcohol. Treatments involve radiation, partial or total laryngectomy, and chemotherapy.

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Oropharyngeal Cancer

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Symptoms include a sore throat that persists, difficulty swallowing, and changes in voice. Risk factors are tobacco, alcohol, and HPV infection. Treatments include targeted therapy, radiation, and surgery.

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Salivary Gland Cancer

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Symptoms include a lump in the jaw or mouth, facial numbness, and difficulty moving part of the face. Risk factors are radiation exposure and family history. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Head and Neck

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Symptoms can include swollen lymph nodes, fever, and night sweats. Risk factors are autoimmune diseases, certain infections, and immunosuppression. Treatments involve chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy.

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Oral Cavity Cancer

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Symptoms include sores that do not heal, lumps, or white/red patches inside the mouth. Risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV. Treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

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Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory Neuroblastoma)

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Symptoms include loss of sense of smell, nasal obstruction, and nosebleeds. Risk factors are not well-understood. Treatment typically involves surgery followed by radiation therapy, sometimes with chemotherapy.

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Supraglottic Cancer

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Symptoms are a sore throat, ear pain, and difficulty swallowing. Risk factors include smoking, and HPV infection. Treatment options include transoral laser microsurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

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Paraganglioma of the Head and Neck

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Can manifest with a painless neck mass, pulsatile tinnitus, and cranial nerve deficits. Risk factors include genetic predispositions (SDH mutations). Treatments can be surgical resection, radiation therapy, and monitoring in certain cases.

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Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands

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Symptoms include a mass in the salivary gland, facial pain, or numbness. Risk factors are previous radiation exposure, smoking. Treatment primarily is surgical resection, with postoperative radiation depending on stage.

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Soft Tissues of the Head and Neck Sarcomas

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Symptoms include a mass or swelling that doesn't go away, pain, and trouble swallowing. Risk factors range from genetic disorders to past radiation therapy. Treatment includes surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy.

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Cutaneous Head and Neck Cancer

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Symptoms are skin lesions or ulcers that do not heal. Main risk factors are sun exposure and light skin. Treatments include Mohs surgery, radiation, and systemic therapies.

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Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck

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Symptoms may include nasal obstruction, bleeding, and change in pigmentation on mucosal surfaces. Risk factors include mucosal lentiginous melanoma. Treatments include surgical resection, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy.

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Subglottic Cancer

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Symptoms are hoarseness, difficulty breathing, especially if the tumor is large. Risk factors include a history of laryngeal cancer and it's more common in men. Treatment often involves radiation or surgery.

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Thyroid Cancer

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Symptoms can be a lump in the neck, trouble swallowing, and hoarseness. Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and gender (higher in women). Treatments include surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, and thyroid hormone therapy.

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