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Head and Neck Cancers
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Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Symptoms include ear pain, difficulty swallowing, and a lump in the neck. Risk factors are smoking, heavy alcohol use. Treatment can be surgery, radiation, or chemoradiation.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Characterized by nasal obstruction, sinus infections, and facial pain/swelling. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals or dust. Treatments may involve surgery, radiation therapy, and occasionally chemotherapy.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Symptoms are nosebleeds, hearing loss, and headaches. Common risk factors are Epstein-Barr virus, consumption of salt-cured fish, and tobacco use. Therapy consists of radiation and chemotherapy.
Glottic Cancer
Symptoms include hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and persistent cough. Risk factors are tobacco use and age. The primary treatments involve radiation therapy, surgery, and in more severe cases, chemotherapy.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Presents with a painless, rapidly growing nodule. Risk factors are sun exposure, immune suppression, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Treatment often involves surgery, radiation, and sometimes systemic therapy.
Chordoma of the Skull Base
Symptoms are headache, diplopia, and cranial nerve dysfunction. Risk factors include genetic conditions like Tuberous Sclerosis. Treatments typically include surgery and proton beam radiation.
Laryngeal Cancer
Symptoms are hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and persistent cough. Primary risk factors are smoking and alcohol. Treatments involve radiation, partial or total laryngectomy, and chemotherapy.
Oropharyngeal Cancer
Symptoms include a sore throat that persists, difficulty swallowing, and changes in voice. Risk factors are tobacco, alcohol, and HPV infection. Treatments include targeted therapy, radiation, and surgery.
Salivary Gland Cancer
Symptoms include a lump in the jaw or mouth, facial numbness, and difficulty moving part of the face. Risk factors are radiation exposure and family history. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Head and Neck
Symptoms can include swollen lymph nodes, fever, and night sweats. Risk factors are autoimmune diseases, certain infections, and immunosuppression. Treatments involve chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy.
Oral Cavity Cancer
Symptoms include sores that do not heal, lumps, or white/red patches inside the mouth. Risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV. Treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory Neuroblastoma)
Symptoms include loss of sense of smell, nasal obstruction, and nosebleeds. Risk factors are not well-understood. Treatment typically involves surgery followed by radiation therapy, sometimes with chemotherapy.
Supraglottic Cancer
Symptoms are a sore throat, ear pain, and difficulty swallowing. Risk factors include smoking, and HPV infection. Treatment options include transoral laser microsurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Paraganglioma of the Head and Neck
Can manifest with a painless neck mass, pulsatile tinnitus, and cranial nerve deficits. Risk factors include genetic predispositions (SDH mutations). Treatments can be surgical resection, radiation therapy, and monitoring in certain cases.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands
Symptoms include a mass in the salivary gland, facial pain, or numbness. Risk factors are previous radiation exposure, smoking. Treatment primarily is surgical resection, with postoperative radiation depending on stage.
Soft Tissues of the Head and Neck Sarcomas
Symptoms include a mass or swelling that doesn't go away, pain, and trouble swallowing. Risk factors range from genetic disorders to past radiation therapy. Treatment includes surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Cutaneous Head and Neck Cancer
Symptoms are skin lesions or ulcers that do not heal. Main risk factors are sun exposure and light skin. Treatments include Mohs surgery, radiation, and systemic therapies.
Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck
Symptoms may include nasal obstruction, bleeding, and change in pigmentation on mucosal surfaces. Risk factors include mucosal lentiginous melanoma. Treatments include surgical resection, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Subglottic Cancer
Symptoms are hoarseness, difficulty breathing, especially if the tumor is large. Risk factors include a history of laryngeal cancer and it's more common in men. Treatment often involves radiation or surgery.
Thyroid Cancer
Symptoms can be a lump in the neck, trouble swallowing, and hoarseness. Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and gender (higher in women). Treatments include surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, and thyroid hormone therapy.
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