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Pediatric Otolaryngology Concerns
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Otitis Media
Middle ear infection causing earache and fever. Complications can include hearing loss and tympanic membrane rupture. Management includes pain relief, possibly antibiotics, and in chronic cases, tympanostomy tubes.
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, which can lead to difficulty swallowing and breathing issues. Complications may include peritonsillar abscess. Management often involves antibiotics, hydration, and in recurrent cases, tonsillectomy.
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic response causing sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes. Complications can exacerbate asthma. Management includes antihistamines, nasal steroids, and avoiding allergens.
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the ear canal, also known as swimmer's ear. Complications can involve spreading to surrounding tissue. Management includes keeping ears dry, topical antibiotics, and pain relief.
Sinusitis
Infection or inflammation of the sinus cavities. Possible complications include orbital cellulitis or intracranial spread. Management strategies involve nasal irrigation, antibiotics, and intranasal steroids.
Adenoid Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the adenoids leading to nasal obstruction and mouth breathing. Complications include chronic ear infections and sleep apnea. Management may include nasal steroids or adenoidectomy.
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat and fever. Complications can include abscess formation. Management usually involves symptomatic treatment and antibiotics if bacterial.
Croup
Viral infection that causes a barking cough and difficulty breathing. Complications can lead to severe respiratory distress. Management involves cool air, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, nebulized epinephrine.
Foreign Body in Ear/Nose
Foreign objects inserted by children into the ear or nose. Complications include infection and tissue damage. Management involves careful removal, sometimes requiring sedation or surgery.
Hearing Loss
Reduction in the ability to hear sounds. Complications can affect speech and language development. Management includes audiological evaluation, hearing aids, or cochlear implants.
Laryngomalacia
Soft, floppy laryngeal tissues that cause stridor when breathing in. Complications can include feeding difficulties and growth delay. Management is usually expectant as the condition often resolves on its own, or surgery in severe cases.
Sleep Apnea
Disordered breathing during sleep, often due to tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy. Complications can include behavioural issues and cardiovascular problems. Management may involve CPAP or surgery.
Epistaxis
Nosebleeds that are common in children, often due to nasal trauma or dryness. Complications are rare but can include significant blood loss. Management involves nostril compression, humidification, and cautery for recurrent cases.
Cholesteatoma
Abnormal, noncancerous skin growth in the middle ear leading to hearing loss. Complications can include infection and damage to surrounding structures. Management often includes surgery to remove the growth.
Perforated Eardrum
A hole in the tympanic membrane often caused by infections or trauma. Complications include hearing loss and chronic ear infections. Management typically involves observation or surgical repair.
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