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Otolaryngology Case Studies
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A 70-year-old female complains of a dry mouth, difficulty wearing dentures, and altered taste sensation.
Possible Diagnosis: Sjögren's syndrome. Recommended treatment plan: Artificial saliva, good oral hygiene, and consultation with rheumatology for systemic management.
A 70-year-old reports gradual hearing loss over several years and difficulty hearing in noisy environments.
Possible Diagnosis: Presbycusis. Recommended treatment plan: Hearing aids, assistive listening devices, and possibly cochlear implants in severe cases.
A 55-year-old smoker presents with a persistent earache and unilateral progressive hearing loss.
Possible diagnosis: Otitis media or cholesteatoma. Recommended treatment plan: For otitis media, antibiotics and possibly myringotomy. For cholesteatoma, surgical removal.
A 67-year-old male with diabetes presents with facial pain, nasal congestion, and blackish nasal discharge.
Possible Diagnosis: Invasive fungal sinusitis. Recommended treatment plan: Urgent surgical debridement, systemic antifungal therapy, and control of underlying diabetes.
A 3-year-old child presents with a high fever and drooling and is sitting upright and leaning forward.
Possible Diagnosis: Epiglottitis. Recommended treatment plan: Emergency airway management, intravenous antibiotics, and possible intubation.
An 8-month-old infant presents with irritability, frequent touching of the ears, and fever.
Possible Diagnosis: Acute otitis media. Recommended treatment plan: Observation or amoxicillin if indicated based on age and severity, analgesics for pain, and possible follow-up hearing tests.
A 23-year-old presents with unilateral facial paralysis, inability to close the eye on the affected side, and loss of taste sensation.
Possible Diagnosis: Bell's palsy. Recommended treatment plan: Corticosteroids, possibly antiviral therapy, and eye protection if unable to close the eyelid.
An 18-year-old female complains of episodic nosebleeds, especially in the winter.
Possible Diagnosis: Epistaxis. Recommended treatment plan: Nasal moisture with saline sprays or creams, cauterization for recurrent bleeds, and addressing underlying causes if present.
A 40-year-old with a history of GERD presents with a chronic cough, throat clearing, and a sensation of a lump in the throat.
Possible Diagnosis: Laryngopharyngeal reflux. Recommended treatment plan: Lifestyle changes, proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, and dietary modifications.
A 28-year-old swimmer complains of ear pain, itchiness, and hearing reduction after swimming sessions.
Possible Diagnosis: Otitis externa (Swimmer's ear). Recommended treatment plan: Topical antibiotic drops with or without corticosteroids, avoid water exposure, and pain management.
A 55-year-old presents with progressive nasal blockage, anosmia, and a change in nose shape.
Possible Diagnosis: Nasal polyps. Recommended treatment plan: Intranasal corticosteroids, saline nasal douches, and if severe, oral corticosteroids or surgery (endoscopic sinus surgery).
A 2-year-old child presents with a foul-smelling, unilateral nasal discharge and nasal obstruction.
Possible Diagnosis: Foreign body in the nose. Recommended treatment plan: Prompt removal of the foreign body by an otolaryngologist, possible antibiotic treatment if secondary infection is present.
A 10-year-old boy presents with snoring, restless sleep, and daytime sleepiness.
Possible Diagnosis: Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Recommended treatment plan: Adenotonsillectomy as first-line therapy, weight loss if overweight, and CPAP for residual or severe cases.
A 30-year-old presents with dizziness and a spinning sensation that worsens with certain head movements.
Possible diagnosis: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Recommended treatment plan: Epley maneuver or other canalith repositioning procedures and vestibular rehab therapy.
A 50-year-old female presents with a slowly enlarging neck mass and a history of radiation exposure to the head and neck.
Possible Diagnosis: Thyroid cancer. Recommended treatment plan: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis, followed by surgery, possibly radioactive iodine, and TSH suppression therapy.
A professional singer presents with voice fatigue, reduced vocal range, and breathy voice quality.
Possible Diagnosis: Vocal fold hemorrhage or nodules. Recommended treatment plan: Voice rest, steroid injections if hemorrhagic, and potential voice therapy or phonomicrosurgery for nodules.
A 5-year-old boy has a barking cough, stridor, and a low-grade fever.
Possible diagnosis: Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). Recommended treatment plan: Humidified air, corticosteroid therapy, and nebulized epinephrine for severe cases.
A 32-year-old male presents with a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a muffled voice.
Possible diagnosis: Peritonsillar abscess. Recommended treatment plan: Needle aspiration or incision and drainage, antibiotic therapy, and pain management.
A 35-year-old presents with hearing loss, a sensation of ear fullness, and autophony (hearing one's own voice loudly).
Possible Diagnosis: Patulous Eustachian tube. Recommended treatment plan: Staying well-hydrated, nasal drops that may help close the eustachian tube, and surgical treatments if severe.
A 17-year-old presents with severe sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and white patches on the tonsils.
Possible Diagnosis: Streptococcal pharyngitis. Recommended treatment plan: Oral penicillin or amoxicillin, symptomatic treatment with analgesics, and fever control.
A 27-year-old male experiences sudden severe vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss in one ear.
Possible diagnosis: Labyrinthitis. Recommended treatment plan: Symptomatic relief with antiemetics and antihistamines, corticosteroids, and possibly antiviral medication.
A 60-year-old male with a 30-pack-year smoking history presents with unilateral nasal obstruction and epistaxis.
Possible Diagnosis: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Recommended treatment plan: Biopsy for diagnosis, followed by radiation and chemotherapy as primary treatments.
A 45-year-old female complains of hoarseness lasting for 2 months, with no recent upper respiratory infections.
Possible diagnosis: Vocal cord nodules or polyps. Recommended treatment plan: Voice rest, speech therapy, and if persistent, microsurgical removal.
A 4-year-old with a cold has pus draining from the left ear and pain relief after the discharge.
Possible Diagnosis: Acute otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation. Recommended treatment plan: Oral antibiotics, analgesics, and follow-up to ensure healing of the perforation.
A 21-year-old complains of recurrent, painful oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and ocular issues.
Possible Diagnosis: Behçet's disease. Recommended treatment plan: Topical steroids for oral ulcers, systemic immunosuppressive agents for severe or systemic involvement, and ophthalmologic consultation.
A 22-year-old female presents with bilateral nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, and facial pressure for over 12 weeks.
Possible diagnosis: Chronic sinusitis. Recommended treatment plan: Nasal corticosteroids, saline nasal irrigation, and if bacterial, antibiotics.
A 65-year-old male with a history of asbestos exposure presents with dysphagia and weight loss.
Possible Diagnosis: Laryngeal cancer. Recommended treatment plan: ENT evaluation with laryngoscopy, CT/MRI for staging, and surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy depending on the stage.
A 25-year-old female presents with episodic rotational vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus in one ear.
Possible Diagnosis: Meniere's disease. Recommended treatment plan: Low sodium diet, diuretics, and possibly intratympanic steroids or gentamicin injections.
A 50-year-old presents with a rock-solid, immobile mass in the lateral aspect of the neck.
Possible Diagnosis: Metastatic lymph nodes from squamous cell carcinoma. Recommended treatment plan: Biopsy for histologic diagnosis, imaging for primary source, and appropriate oncologic referral for surgery and/or chemotherapy and radiation.
An elderly patient presents with unilateral watery rhinorrhea that worsens with eating or exposure to cold air.
Possible Diagnosis: Gustatory rhinitis. Recommended treatment plan: Intranasal anticholinergic agents, avoiding triggers, and counseling.
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