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Cultural Psychology
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Cultural Norms
Cultural norms are the accepted standards of behavior within a cultural group. They inform members about what is acceptable and guide social behavior.
Enculturation
Enculturation refers to the process by which individuals learn their group's culture, through experience, observation, and instruction.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and behaviors should be understood in context of their own culture, rather than judged by another culture's standards.
Acculturation
Acculturation is the process of cultural change resulting from continuous, firsthand contact between two distinct cultures, and the subsequent adoption of the dominant culture's norms.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural norms in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures.
Cultural Intelligence
Cultural intelligence or cultural quotient (CQ) is a person's ability to grasp, reason, and behave effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity.
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Cross-cultural psychology studies the ways in which psychological processes are shaped and influenced differently across cultures.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism and collectivism are dimensions of cultural variability that refer to the degree to which a culture emphasizes individual goals over group goals, or vice versa.
Cultural Syndromes
Cultural syndromes are patterns of attitudes, beliefs, categorizations, self-definitions, norms, and values organized around a theme, observable in cultural groups.
High-Context vs. Low-Context Communication
High-context communication relies heavily on implied messages and contextual cues, whereas low-context communication is more explicit and direct, relying less on context.
Power Distance
Power distance refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions to avoid these.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
In cultural dimensions, masculinity refers to societies that value assertiveness, competition, and material success, while femininity pertains to societies that emphasize relationships, modesty, and quality of life.
Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation
This cultural dimension refers to the extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs, focusing on future rewards rather than immediate results.
Cultural Schema Theory
Cultural Schema Theory suggests that our cultural backgrounds contain mental structures that guide our behavior and expectations in different social situations.
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