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Cultural Psychology

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Cultural Norms

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Cultural norms are the accepted standards of behavior within a cultural group. They inform members about what is acceptable and guide social behavior.

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Enculturation

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Enculturation refers to the process by which individuals learn their group's culture, through experience, observation, and instruction.

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Cultural Relativism

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Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and behaviors should be understood in context of their own culture, rather than judged by another culture's standards.

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Acculturation

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Acculturation is the process of cultural change resulting from continuous, firsthand contact between two distinct cultures, and the subsequent adoption of the dominant culture's norms.

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Ethnocentrism

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Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural norms in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures.

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Cultural Intelligence

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Cultural intelligence or cultural quotient (CQ) is a person's ability to grasp, reason, and behave effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity.

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Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Cross-cultural psychology studies the ways in which psychological processes are shaped and influenced differently across cultures.

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Individualism vs. Collectivism

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Individualism and collectivism are dimensions of cultural variability that refer to the degree to which a culture emphasizes individual goals over group goals, or vice versa.

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Cultural Syndromes

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Cultural syndromes are patterns of attitudes, beliefs, categorizations, self-definitions, norms, and values organized around a theme, observable in cultural groups.

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High-Context vs. Low-Context Communication

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High-context communication relies heavily on implied messages and contextual cues, whereas low-context communication is more explicit and direct, relying less on context.

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Power Distance

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Power distance refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

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Uncertainty Avoidance

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Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions to avoid these.

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Masculinity vs. Femininity

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In cultural dimensions, masculinity refers to societies that value assertiveness, competition, and material success, while femininity pertains to societies that emphasize relationships, modesty, and quality of life.

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Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation

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This cultural dimension refers to the extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs, focusing on future rewards rather than immediate results.

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Cultural Schema Theory

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Cultural Schema Theory suggests that our cultural backgrounds contain mental structures that guide our behavior and expectations in different social situations.

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