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Purpose: To study classical conditioning; Method: Pairing a bell sound with food presentation until the sound alone elicited salivation; Outcome: Establishment of conditioned reflexes.

Purpose: To measure the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructs them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; Method: Participants believed they were administering shocks to another person; Outcome: High levels of obedience to authority were observed.

Purpose: To investigate how readily people conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise; Method: College students simulated a prison environment; Outcome: Participants quickly embodied their roles, leading to unethical behavior.

Purpose: To investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform; Method: Subjects answered simple questions in a group setting with incorrect majority answers; Outcome: People often conformed to the majority, even when the majority was obviously wrong.

Purpose: To study if social behaviors like aggression could be acquired by observation and imitation; Method: Children observed adults interacting with a Bobo doll aggressively; Outcome: The children imitated the aggressive behavior, supporting the social learning theory.

Purpose: To demonstrate classical conditioning in humans; Method: A young child was conditioned to fear a white rat; Outcome: Generalization of fear to similar objects, showing emotional responses could be classically conditioned.

Purpose: To study the importance of caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development; Method: Isolated monkeys were presented with surrogate mothers; Outcome: Monkeys preferred cloth mothers over wire mothers, emphasizing the importance of comfort in bonding.

Purpose: To investigate depth perception in human and animal subjects; Method: Animals and young children were tested on a visual cliff; Outcome: Most subjects avoided the deep side, showing innate depth perception.

Purpose: To study deindividuation in relations to aggression and anonymity; Method: Female participants delivered electric shocks to others; Outcome: Participants in hoods delivered twice as much shock as those in normal clothes, showing the power of anonymity in promoting aggressive behavior.

Purpose: To study the psychological phenomenon of learned helplessness; Method: Dogs were subjected to unavoidable shocks and later placed in situations where escape was possible; Outcome: Dogs did not attempt to escape, indicating that learned helplessness had occurred.

Purpose: To test the cognitive dissonance theory; Method: Participants were asked to perform a dull task and then lie about it being enjoyable for a small reward; Outcome: Those paid less to lie reported more enjoyment, suggesting that dissonance can lead to attitude change.

Purpose: To examine attachment styles in children; Method: Children were observed during a series of departures and reunions with their mothers; Outcome: Identification of three main attachment styles: secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent.

Purpose: To investigate the malleability of memory; Method: Participants watched clips of car accidents and were asked questions with varying language; Outcome: The wording of the question affected the participants' recollection of the crash speed.

Purpose: To investigate bystander apathy and diffusion of responsibility in an emergency situation; Method: Participants overheard an emergency but were in the presence of other people; Outcome: The presence of others significantly reduced the likelihood that any one person would help.