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Neurotransmitters
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Dopamine
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. High levels associated with reward and pleasure, low levels linked to Parkinson's disease.
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Low levels are associated with depression.
Acetylcholine
Involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. Deficits are associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal. Under-supply can depress mood.
GABA
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Under-supply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
Glutamate
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Over-supply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures.
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure. Opioid peptides that help deal with stress and reduce feelings of pain.
Anandamide
Plays a role in pain, mood, appetite, and memory. Similar to THC in its effects. Known as the 'bliss molecule'.
Adrenaline
Also known as epinephrine, it increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. Associated with the fight-or-flight response.
Histamine
Involved in the immune response, regulates physiological function in the gut, and acts as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
Oxytocin
Often referred to as the 'love hormone', it is related to social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.
Vasopressin
Acts to increase water retention in the kidneys and increase blood pressure. Related to social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress.
Melatonin
Controls sleep and wake cycles. Secreted by the pineal gland and its levels typically rise in the dark, helping to induce sleep.
Substance P
A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.
Nitric Oxide
A unique neurotransmitter not confined to the synaptic cleft and can diffuse across membranes; involved in learning and memory, and is a vasodilator.
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