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Neurotransmitters

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Dopamine

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Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. High levels associated with reward and pleasure, low levels linked to Parkinson's disease.

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Serotonin

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Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Low levels are associated with depression.

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Acetylcholine

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Involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. Deficits are associated with Alzheimer's disease.

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Norepinephrine

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Helps control alertness and arousal. Under-supply can depress mood.

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GABA

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A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Under-supply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

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Glutamate

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A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Over-supply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures.

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Endorphins

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Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure. Opioid peptides that help deal with stress and reduce feelings of pain.

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Anandamide

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Plays a role in pain, mood, appetite, and memory. Similar to THC in its effects. Known as the 'bliss molecule'.

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Adrenaline

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Also known as epinephrine, it increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. Associated with the fight-or-flight response.

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Histamine

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Involved in the immune response, regulates physiological function in the gut, and acts as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.

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Oxytocin

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Often referred to as the 'love hormone', it is related to social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.

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Vasopressin

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Acts to increase water retention in the kidneys and increase blood pressure. Related to social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress.

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Melatonin

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Controls sleep and wake cycles. Secreted by the pineal gland and its levels typically rise in the dark, helping to induce sleep.

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Substance P

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A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

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Nitric Oxide

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A unique neurotransmitter not confined to the synaptic cleft and can diffuse across membranes; involved in learning and memory, and is a vasodilator.

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