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Sensory adaptation refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to it. This helps prioritize new information for more efficient processing.

Bottom-up processing is an approach wherein perception starts with an incoming stimulus and builds up to a conceptual interpretation. It relies heavily on sensory data and early cognitive processing.

Top-down processing involves using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information. It is driven by cognition and heavily influenced by context and culture.

Signal Detection Theory explains how we discern a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise. It suggests there is no single threshold; detection depends partly on a person's psychological state.

Perceptual set is the tendency to perceive one thing and not another, influenced by expectations, culture, emotions, and motivation. It serves as a mental predisposition that affects what we perceive.

Selective attention is the process of focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, effectively filtering out other stimuli. Its role is to govern attention on important stimuli while ignoring others.

Feature Detection theory suggests that certain parts of the brain are specialized in processing specific types of input, such as shapes, angles, or movement. It plays a key role in object recognition and categorization.

Depth Perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and to judge the distance of an object. It allows us to interact with the environment safely and is critical for tasks that require spatial knowledge.

Perceptual constancy refers to the brain's ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, distances, and angles. This includes constancies of size, shape, and color.