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Known for his theory of cognitive development; identified stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages.

Discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; concept of conditioned reflexes.

Criticized behaviorist theories of language; proposed the theory of generative grammar; concepts of universal grammar and language acquisition device.

Developed the theory of psychosocial development; posited eight stages of human development, each with its own crisis.

Proposed Hebb's law ('neurons that fire together, wire together'); contributions to neuropsychology and understanding of synaptic plasticity.

Developed client-centered therapy; emphasized unconditional positive regard, empathy, and self-actualization.

Cultural-historical psychology; zone of proximal development (ZPD); social interaction plays a fundamental role in cognitive development.

Developed the psychoanalytic theory; concepts such as the id, ego, and superego; stages of psychosexual development.

Founded behaviorism; believed in the dominance of the environment over heredity; Little Albert experiment.

Research on human memory, especially the malleability of memories and the misinformation effect.

Proposed social learning theory; known for the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating observational learning.

Established the first psychology laboratory; considered the father of experimental psychology; introspection and structuralism.

Challenged the notion of consistent personality traits with his marshmallow test and research on self-control.

Developed the ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and the characteristics of the external environment interact to influence how the child will grow and develop.

Developed analytical psychology; concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and introversion/extroversion.

Known for trait theory of personality; cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

Developed the hierarchy of needs; proposed the concept of self-actualization.

Pioneered research on human sexuality; published the Kinsey Reports; developed the Kinsey scale.

Formulated the principles of operant conditioning; invented the Skinner Box; behavior modification techniques.