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Famous Psychologists
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Sigmund Freud
Developed the psychoanalytic theory; concepts such as the id, ego, and superego; stages of psychosexual development.
B.F. Skinner
Formulated the principles of operant conditioning; invented the Skinner Box; behavior modification techniques.
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development; identified stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages.
Carl Rogers
Developed client-centered therapy; emphasized unconditional positive regard, empathy, and self-actualization.
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; concept of conditioned reflexes.
Albert Bandura
Proposed social learning theory; known for the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating observational learning.
Erik Erikson
Developed the theory of psychosocial development; posited eight stages of human development, each with its own crisis.
John B. Watson
Founded behaviorism; believed in the dominance of the environment over heredity; Little Albert experiment.
Abraham Maslow
Developed the hierarchy of needs; proposed the concept of self-actualization.
Noam Chomsky
Criticized behaviorist theories of language; proposed the theory of generative grammar; concepts of universal grammar and language acquisition device.
Carl Jung
Developed analytical psychology; concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and introversion/extroversion.
Wilhelm Wundt
Established the first psychology laboratory; considered the father of experimental psychology; introspection and structuralism.
Lev Vygotsky
Cultural-historical psychology; zone of proximal development (ZPD); social interaction plays a fundamental role in cognitive development.
Philip Zimbardo
Conducted the Stanford prison experiment; research on the power of social roles and situational forces.
Elizabeth Loftus
Research on human memory, especially the malleability of memories and the misinformation effect.
Alfred Kinsey
Pioneered research on human sexuality; published the Kinsey Reports; developed the Kinsey scale.
Gordon Allport
Known for trait theory of personality; cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
Walter Mischel
Challenged the notion of consistent personality traits with his marshmallow test and research on self-control.
Donald Hebb
Proposed Hebb's law ('neurons that fire together, wire together'); contributions to neuropsychology and understanding of synaptic plasticity.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developed the ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and the characteristics of the external environment interact to influence how the child will grow and develop.
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