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Reinforcement Schedules

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Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

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A reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Example: A factory worker gets paid for every 10 units produced.

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Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

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A reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: Gambling or fishing; you don't know after how many tries you'll get a reward.

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Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

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A reinforcement schedule where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. Example: A weekly paycheck.

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Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

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Reinforcement is given to a response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. Example: Receiving emails, as you can't predict when a new one will arrive.

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Differential Reinforcement of High Rate (DRH) Schedule

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Reinforcement occurs only when actions are performed at or above a certain rate. Example: A telemarketer must make at least five calls per hour to receive a bonus.

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Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL) Schedule

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Reinforcement is provided if the behavior occurs below a specified rate. Example: Providing praise to a child for taking turns in conversation after waiting for a minute.

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Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding (DRP) Schedule

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Reinforcement is contingent upon emitting behaviors at a variety of rates, neither too fast nor too slow. Example: Encouraging students to answer questions in class at a moderate pace.

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Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) Schedule

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Reinforcement is given at fixed or variable intervals, regardless of the individual's behavior. Example: Lunch break schedules that occur regardless of work performance.

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