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Altruism and Cooperation in Animals
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Kin Selection
An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction.
Reciprocal Altruism
A behavior whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.
Eusociality
The highest level of organization of animal sociality, characterized by, among other things, division of labor and cooperative brood care.
Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls
Vervet monkeys give specific alarm calls that warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, at a potential risk to the caller.
Stickleback Fish Cooperative Defense
Male stickleback fish often join forces to repel intruders and protect their nesting area.
Food Sharing in Chimpanzees
Chimpanzees share food with other members of their group, which may promote social bonding and establish hierarchies.
Pack Hunting in Wolves
Wolves hunt in packs to take down prey that would be too large or dangerous for a single wolf to handle alone.
Coalitional Support in Dolphins
Dolphins form coalitions to defend against predators, gain access to mates, and compete for resources.
Meerkat Sentinel Behavior
Meerkats take turns acting as a sentinel, keeping watch for predators while others forage or rest.
Blood Sharing in Vampire Bats
Vampire bats regurgitate blood to feed roost mates that have failed to feed, which may be reciprocated in the future.
Helpers-at-the-nest
In some bird species, offspring from previous broods will help raise their younger siblings by bringing food and protecting the nest.
Grooming in Primates
Primates engage in social grooming which reduces stress, reinforces social structures, and helps keep the coat clean.
Bee Waggle Dance
A form of communication in bees where they share information about the direction and distance of resources like food or new nesting sites.
Humpback Whale Bubble Netting
Humpback whales work together to create 'bubble nets' that trap schools of fish, making it easier for the whales to feed.
Gestation Calls in Belding's Ground Squirrels
Females call to alert their group to predators during gestation period, increasing the chance of survival for their young even at a risk to themselves.
Mobbing Behavior in Birds
Several species of birds come together to mob a predator, harassing it to drive it away from their nesting area.
Hygienic Behavior in Honeybees
Honeybees remove diseased and dead individuals from the hive, minimizing the spread of disease and parasites within the colony.
Oxpecker and Large Mammal Symbiosis
Oxpeckers feed on ticks and other parasites found on large mammals; in return, these birds provide a cleansing service and may alert the host to danger.
Elephant Protective Herding
Elephants form a protective circle around calves when threatened by predators or during harsh weather conditions.
Collaborative Breeding in Acorn Woodpeckers
Acorn woodpeckers live in large groups where several females may lay eggs in the same nest and work together to raise the young.
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