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Pavlov's dogs salivated in response to a bell when the bell had been repeatedly associated with the presentation of food.

Skinner demonstrated rats could learn to press a lever to receive a food reward.

Some animals, such as great apes, dolphins, and elephants, have shown the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror.

Alex the parrot could count and understand the concept of zero.

Crows have been able to drop stones into a water-filled tube to raise the water level to reach a floating piece of food.

Chimpanzees are capable of deception, which suggests an understanding of the mental state of others.

The 'aha moment' was famously observed in chimpanzees, such as when Sultan solved the problem of reaching a banana by stacking boxes.

New Caledonian crows create and use hooks to retrieve insects from logs.

Homing pigeons possess a remarkable homing ability, using the Earth's magnetic field, sun position, and landmarks.

Many animals, like primates and birds, learn behaviors by observing and imitating others in their group.

Rats demonstrate episodic-like memory in tasks where they remember the what, where, and when of a feeding event.

African grey parrots use vocalizations to communicate complex ideas and can learn human language to an extent.

Research has suggested that regions in the bird brain, analogous to the human Broca's area, are involved in song production.

Rats have been observed showing behaviors consistent with empathy, responding to the distress of others.

Some species, like corvids, can delay gratification for a better reward, similar to the famous Marshmallow test in humans.

Octopuses have been observed opening jars to retrieve food inside, indicating complex problem-solving.

Squirrels and other cache-storing animals excel at spatial memory to relocate their hidden food stores.

Dolphins are proficient in imitation, which they use for both social interaction and learning survival skills.

Pigeons can learn to categorize objects, differentiating between 'tree' pictures and 'non-tree' pictures.

Scrub-jays appear to plan for the future, an indication of the capability for mental time travel.

Dogs can differentiate between categories of objects, such as sorting toys by function or shape.

Many animals, including young chicks and dogs, can understand object permanence — that objects still exist when out of view.

Animals like dogs and chimpanzees are known to follow the gaze of a human or another animal, indicating social cognition.

Great apes show an understanding of human intentions and can cooperate with humans in problem-solving tasks.