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Animal Foraging Behavior
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Optimal Foraging Theory
Predicts how an animal behaves when searching for food, assuming they want to maximize the energy gained per unit of time.
Marginal Value Theorem
Explains how an animal decides when to leave a food patch, based on diminishing returns and travel time to the next patch.
Risk-sensitive Foraging
Animals may prefer a food source with a variable return if their survival depends on meeting a critical threshold of energy intake.
Energy Budgets
Animals must balance the energy they gain from food with the energy they expend on activities such as foraging, escaping predators, and thermoregulation.
Diet Selection
Animals choose their diet based on the nutritional value, availability of food items, and the presence of toxins or competitors.
Predator-Prey Dynamics
Prey availability and the risk of predation affect where and what animals forage for food.
Group Foraging
Some animals forage in groups to increase efficiency and decrease the risk of predation, but must also share the resources found.
Specialist vs. Generalist Foragers
Specialist foragers feed on a limited range of foods, while generalists have a broad diet, which affects their adaptability to environmental changes.
Patch Use Strategies
Animals use different strategies for exploiting food patches, which can involve staying until resources are depleted or leaving when return diminishes.
Traplining
A foraging pattern where animals visit a sequence of flower patches or food sources in a predictable order.
Central Place Foraging
Describes how foragers collect food and return it to a central place, such as a nest or den, which can limit the size of the foraging area.
Handling Time
The time taken by a forager to process food after it is collected, which affects the overall energy gain from the food.
Search Time
The time a forager spends looking for food, which influences decisions about where to forage and what food to pursue.
Energetic Currency Models
Models used to predict foraging behavior based on the currency of net energy gain, minimizing the time or energy spent or maximizing nutrient intake.
Cognitive Maps in Foraging
Some animals use mental representations of the spatial relationships between objects in their environment to forage more effectively.
Scatter Hoarding
A strategy where animals store food in many small caches or hoards for later consumption, which reduces risk of total loss to thieves.
Selective Foraging
When animals forage selectively, they choose certain types of food over others based on factors such as nutrient content or ease of processing.
Learning and Foraging
Animals can learn from experience to improve their foraging strategies, such as remembering the locations of high-quality food sources.
Toxin Avoidance
Foraging animals have to detect and avoid toxic food sources to prevent poisoning, which can affect their dietary choices and habitats.
Water Conservation and Foraging
Desert-dwelling animals may forage for food that has high water content to minimize the need for drinking water.
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