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Animal Foraging Behavior

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Optimal Foraging Theory

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Predicts how an animal behaves when searching for food, assuming they want to maximize the energy gained per unit of time.

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Marginal Value Theorem

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Explains how an animal decides when to leave a food patch, based on diminishing returns and travel time to the next patch.

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Risk-sensitive Foraging

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Animals may prefer a food source with a variable return if their survival depends on meeting a critical threshold of energy intake.

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Energy Budgets

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Animals must balance the energy they gain from food with the energy they expend on activities such as foraging, escaping predators, and thermoregulation.

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Diet Selection

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Animals choose their diet based on the nutritional value, availability of food items, and the presence of toxins or competitors.

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Predator-Prey Dynamics

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Prey availability and the risk of predation affect where and what animals forage for food.

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Group Foraging

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Some animals forage in groups to increase efficiency and decrease the risk of predation, but must also share the resources found.

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Specialist vs. Generalist Foragers

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Specialist foragers feed on a limited range of foods, while generalists have a broad diet, which affects their adaptability to environmental changes.

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Patch Use Strategies

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Animals use different strategies for exploiting food patches, which can involve staying until resources are depleted or leaving when return diminishes.

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Traplining

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A foraging pattern where animals visit a sequence of flower patches or food sources in a predictable order.

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Central Place Foraging

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Describes how foragers collect food and return it to a central place, such as a nest or den, which can limit the size of the foraging area.

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Handling Time

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The time taken by a forager to process food after it is collected, which affects the overall energy gain from the food.

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Search Time

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The time a forager spends looking for food, which influences decisions about where to forage and what food to pursue.

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Energetic Currency Models

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Models used to predict foraging behavior based on the currency of net energy gain, minimizing the time or energy spent or maximizing nutrient intake.

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Cognitive Maps in Foraging

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Some animals use mental representations of the spatial relationships between objects in their environment to forage more effectively.

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Scatter Hoarding

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A strategy where animals store food in many small caches or hoards for later consumption, which reduces risk of total loss to thieves.

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Selective Foraging

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When animals forage selectively, they choose certain types of food over others based on factors such as nutrient content or ease of processing.

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Learning and Foraging

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Animals can learn from experience to improve their foraging strategies, such as remembering the locations of high-quality food sources.

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Toxin Avoidance

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Foraging animals have to detect and avoid toxic food sources to prevent poisoning, which can affect their dietary choices and habitats.

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Water Conservation and Foraging

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Desert-dwelling animals may forage for food that has high water content to minimize the need for drinking water.

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