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Animal Learning and Memory

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Classical Conditioning

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A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, creating a similar response.

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Operant Conditioning

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A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences, including rewards and punishments.

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Sensitization

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An increased reaction to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it, often seen in simple organisms.

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Habituation

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The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

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Observational Learning

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Learning that occurs through observing and imitating the behavior of others, often seen in primates.

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Spatial Learning

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The ability to learn and remember the relationships among various locations in an environment.

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Implicit Memory

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Memory that influences our behavior without conscious awareness, such as skills and conditioned responses.

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Explicit Memory

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Memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences and information.

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Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

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A persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse, essential for learning and memory.

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Working Memory

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A system for temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks.

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Fear Conditioning

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A behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events.

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Play

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An activity performed by animals that is not directly related to survival or reproduction, but is thought to aid in cognitive development.

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Imprinting

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A type of learning occurring at a particular life stage that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.

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Problem-solving

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Mental process in animals that involves the discovery of solutions for complex tasks through cognition.

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Social Learning

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Learning that takes place through watching the behavior of other individuals in a social setting.

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Associative Learning

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Learning that involves understanding how two or more pieces of information are related, where one event or action comes to be connected to another.

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Categorization

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The process by which animals classify and label objects, events or people into preexisting concepts or construct new categories based on similarities and differences.

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Memory Consolidation

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The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term stable memories.

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Neurogenesis

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The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain and its implications for learning and memory.

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Memory Reconsolidation

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A process that causes previously consolidated memories to be recalled and actively consolidated again, often with potential alteration.

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