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Animal Learning and Memory
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Classical Conditioning
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, creating a similar response.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences, including rewards and punishments.
Sensitization
An increased reaction to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it, often seen in simple organisms.
Habituation
The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs through observing and imitating the behavior of others, often seen in primates.
Spatial Learning
The ability to learn and remember the relationships among various locations in an environment.
Implicit Memory
Memory that influences our behavior without conscious awareness, such as skills and conditioned responses.
Explicit Memory
Memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences and information.
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
A persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse, essential for learning and memory.
Working Memory
A system for temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks.
Fear Conditioning
A behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events.
Play
An activity performed by animals that is not directly related to survival or reproduction, but is thought to aid in cognitive development.
Imprinting
A type of learning occurring at a particular life stage that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.
Problem-solving
Mental process in animals that involves the discovery of solutions for complex tasks through cognition.
Social Learning
Learning that takes place through watching the behavior of other individuals in a social setting.
Associative Learning
Learning that involves understanding how two or more pieces of information are related, where one event or action comes to be connected to another.
Categorization
The process by which animals classify and label objects, events or people into preexisting concepts or construct new categories based on similarities and differences.
Memory Consolidation
The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term stable memories.
Neurogenesis
The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain and its implications for learning and memory.
Memory Reconsolidation
A process that causes previously consolidated memories to be recalled and actively consolidated again, often with potential alteration.
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