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Primates and birds, such as parrots, are able to form abstract concepts and make generalizations in certain situations.

Numerous species can understand human language commands, but only a few can mimic or use elements of language meaningfully.

Certain bird species have excellent spatial memories, while great apes can remember symbols and sequences.

Some animals have the ability to distinguish between different quantities, with primates and birds showing more advanced numerical skills.

Some species exhibit cooperative behavior, such as hunting in packs or forming alliances for mutual benefit, which can be sophisticated in primates and cetaceans.

Many species navigate complex environments, with some birds and sea creatures exhibiting remarkable homing abilities.

Bees demonstrate awareness of time through their foraging patterns, while rodents and primates can learn to expect events based on intervals of time.

Species have evolved various sensory perceptions suited to their environments; bats and dolphins use echolocation, while dogs have an acute sense of smell.

Varies widely, with primates and corvid birds demonstrating advanced problem-solving comparable to young human children.

Animals such as primates, birds, and even invertebrates make decisions that may maximize their benefit based on prior experience and current context.

Certain animals, particularly birds and primates, can categorize objects and images, which aids their survival.

Primates, birds, and even invertebrates, such as bees, have shown the ability to assess and make decisions based on risk.

Self-awareness is shown in a limited number of species, demonstrated by mirror self-recognition tests in great apes, elephants, and dolphins.

Bees can learn to recognize patterns in flowers, and birds such as pigeons can distinguish between photographs with differing patterns.

Some species can recognize and respond to emotional cues from members of their own and other species, which is especially evident in domesticated animals like dogs.

Varies widely; play-like behavior is observed in many mammals and birds, and it often involves learning and practicing survival skills.

Varies among species; some birds and primates have developed sophisticated tool use, which is rare or absent in other species.

The capacity to imitate varies, with some primates, cetaceans, and birds being notable for their imitation abilities.

Communication complexity varies greatly, with primates, cetaceans, and certain birds having intricate forms of communication.