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A strategy where parents, like the cuckoo, lay their eggs in the nests of other species, leaving them to raise their young.

Offspring that are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching, e.g., chickens.

Offspring that are born or hatched in an underdeveloped state and require significant parental care, e.g., songbirds.

Behavior where a sibling kills its brother or sister, common in some bird species like the booby.

A theory that suggests that parental behavior is the result of a cost-benefit analysis where benefits of investment in offspring must outweigh the costs for it to occur.

The process by which offspring switch from feeding on mother's milk to other forms of nourishment, e.g., when a lion cub starts eating meat.

A system where both parents invest heavily in the care of offspring, as observed in swans.

A learning process by which young animals develop a strong attachment to a parental figure, such as ducklings following their mother.

The care provided by the father; in seahorses, males carry the eggs in their pouch until they hatch.

The production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands, providing essential nutrients to mammalian offspring, such as in cows.

An activity undertaken by many species, such as the bowerbird, to create a safe place for raising offspring.

A specialized anatomical feature, such as the kangaroo's pouch, used to carry and nourish offspring post-birth.

The stage in a bird's life where it grows the feathers necessary for flight and prepares to leave the nest, such as juvenile robins.

Behavior exhibited by parents, such as mockingbirds, in defending a territory to ensure the availability of resources for their offspring.

The process where offspring learn behaviors by observing and imitating other individuals, commonly seen in primates.

A strategy where parents continue to provide care even after offspring reach the age of maturity, such as in elephants.

A system where individuals other than the parents provide care for the offspring, observed in meerkats.

A hypothesis which suggests males provide care to offspring to ensure the survival of their own genes, as seen in monogamous seahorses.

The process by which birds sit on their eggs in order to keep them at a constant warm temperature for development, such as with penguins.