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Framework for understanding and assessing animal welfare in terms of freedom from hunger, discomfort, pain, fear, and free to express normal behavior.

Animals' judgment can be influenced by their emotional state, which is crucial for assessing welfare by identifying pessimistic or optimistic biases.

Attribution of human characteristics to animals can lead to misinterpretation of their needs but if applied carefully, can also promote empathy and better care.

Understanding the physiological responses to stress is key to mitigating negative welfare impacts through environmental and social management.

Providing a stimulating environment to promote natural behaviors and prevent boredom, thus improving animal welfare.

Considers the well-being of individual animals within conservation practices, ensuring ethical treatment alongside species survival goals.

Repetitive, unvarying behaviors with no apparent goal, indicating suboptimal welfare conditions that need to be addressed.

Evaluating the presence and intensity of pain to provide appropriate analgesia and improve welfare.

Keeping animals in social groups to fulfill their social needs, which is fundamental for species with strong social structures.

Allowing animals to have control over their environment and make choices can significantly reduce stress and improve welfare.

Understanding the emotional experiences of animals helps to assess and improve their welfare by promoting positive states and minimizing negative ones.

Monitoring behaviors to evaluate well-being and detect potential problems early on.

Proactive and reactive healthcare measures to prevent suffering from disease, injury, and to maintain overall well-being.

Providing a diet that meets nutritional needs and natural feeding behavior, which is essential for physical and mental welfare.

Ensuring animals are kept in environments with suitable temperature and humidity levels to avoid thermal stress.

Criteria set to minimize suffering by initiating an intervention or euthanasia at an appropriate stage in experimental studies.

Utilizing rewards to shape animal behavior in a stress-free and cooperative manner, which enhances welfare and human-animal relationships.

Providing a variety of sensory stimuli to cater to the sensory needs of animals, promoting exploration and interaction with the environment.

Assessing cognitive abilities helps in understanding the mental capacities of animals and designing appropriate enrichment and training programs.