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Measured by propensity to explore new environments and interact with novel objects.

Expressed through proximity-seeking behavior and frequency of interactions with conspecifics.

Measured by observing reactions to perceived threats or during competition for resources.

Measured by reluctance to engage with new or unknown situations, organisms, or environments.

Evaluated by the willingness to take risks or approach potential hazards.

Expressed by the defense of a fixed geographic area against others, often of the same species.

Expressed by spontaneous and pleasurable activities that seem to have no immediate purpose.

Expressed by rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences.

Expressed by the ability to come up with new solutions to environmental challenges or tasks.

Expressed through the tendency to form strong social bonds and cooperate with others.

Measured by the duration and intensity of efforts directed towards a particular task or goal.

Measured by behaviors directed towards the care and protection of offspring.

Measured through interactions within social hierarchies and competition for status.

Measured by general levels of motion and engagement with the environment.

Measured by the tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as fear, sadness, or anger, frequently and intensely.

Assessed by reactions to potential threats, novel stimuli, or unpredictable situations.

Expressed by the ability to wait calm for something without getting anxious, especially for longer-term rewards.

Measured by the tendency to understand and share the feelings of another, shown in some animals by consolation behavior.

Measured by the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or to cope with stressful situations effectively.