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Measured by observing reactions to perceived threats or during competition for resources.

Expressed through proximity-seeking behavior and frequency of interactions with conspecifics.

Measured by propensity to explore new environments and interact with novel objects.

Assessed by reactions to potential threats, novel stimuli, or unpredictable situations.

Expressed by spontaneous and pleasurable activities that seem to have no immediate purpose.

Measured through interactions within social hierarchies and competition for status.

Evaluated by the willingness to take risks or approach potential hazards.

Measured by reluctance to engage with new or unknown situations, organisms, or environments.

Expressed through the tendency to form strong social bonds and cooperate with others.

Measured by general levels of motion and engagement with the environment.

Expressed by rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences.

Measured by behaviors directed towards the care and protection of offspring.

Expressed by the defense of a fixed geographic area against others, often of the same species.

Measured by the tendency to understand and share the feelings of another, shown in some animals by consolation behavior.

Expressed by the ability to come up with new solutions to environmental challenges or tasks.

Measured by the duration and intensity of efforts directed towards a particular task or goal.

Expressed by the ability to wait calm for something without getting anxious, especially for longer-term rewards.

Measured by the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or to cope with stressful situations effectively.

Expressed by ease of being tricked or manipulated, often due to a lack of skeptical behavior.