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Animal Problem-Solving and Intelligence
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Tool Use
New Caledonian Crows are known for creating and using tools to extract insects from tight spaces.
Memory Tests
Scrub Jays demonstrate episodic-like memory when they remember where they hid food for later retrieval.
Spatial Learning
Rats have been shown to navigate mazes using their spatial memory, which can be studied in experiments with different types of mazes such as water mazes.
Mirror Self-Recognition
Elephants have passed the mirror test, suggesting a level of self-awareness and cognitive abilities related to the recognition of their own reflection.
Problem-Solving Strategies
Chimpanzees use problem-solving strategies such as stacking boxes to reach food suspended from the ceiling, demonstrating their ability to plan and solve complex tasks.
Communication Skills
African Grey Parrots, like Alex, have shown the ability to understand and use human language to an extent, demonstrating complex communication skills.
Numerical Abilities
Rhesus monkeys can be trained to understand basic arithmetic operations and can perform tasks requiring counting and numerical comparison.
Social Learning
Meerkats have shown the ability to learn from observing the actions of group members, particularly in the context of foraging and avoiding predators.
Detour Problems
Dogs are capable of solving detour problems, such as navigating around a V-shaped fence to reach a reward, demonstrating their ability to find solutions to obstacles.
Emotional Intelligence
Studies with horses have shown that they can interpret human emotions based on expressions, indicating emotional intelligence and social sensitivity.
Concept Formation
Pigeons have demonstrated the ability to categorize images by general concepts, like 'tree' or 'chair', which suggests they can form abstract concepts.
Transitive Inference
Chickens show the ability to make transitive inferences, as exhibited by their capacity to decipher pecking order without having to directly interact with every member of the group.
Imitation
Dolphins have the ability to imitate both sounds and physical behaviors, showing a complex level of social learning and intelligence.
Risk Assessment
Squirrels will adjust their cache protection strategies based on the perceived risk of theft, an example of their ability to assess risk and adapt behavior accordingly.
Optimality in Foraging
The foraging behavior of bees can be explained by the optimal foraging theory, where they choose flowers that maximize their energy intake while minimizing the energy spent foraging.
Timing and Sequence Learning
Rats demonstrate an understanding of timing and sequence by pressing levers in a specific order and duration to obtain a reward, which requires them to learn sequences and intervals.
Inhibitory Control
Dogs are able to wait for a more desirable treat rather than opting for an immediately available lesser one, demonstrating their inhibitory control capacity.
Pattern Recognition
Pigeons have been shown to recognize and discriminate between different patterns and artworks, suggesting an ability to detect and process complex visual patterns.
Cause and Effect Understanding
Crows and Ravens understand causality and can use it to solve puzzles, such as dropping stones into a water-filled tube to raise the water level and access a floating reward.
Insight and Innovation
Orangutans have displayed innovative behavior when faced with novel problems, such as inventing new methods to extract food from complex apparatuses.
Selective Attention
Chickens can be trained to peck at certain colors or shapes, thereby demonstrating their ability to selectively attend to particular aspects of their environment.
Associative Learning
Sea slugs, such as Aplysia, show associative learning by forming connections between neutral stimuli and defensive reflex actions like the withdrawal reflex.
Category Learning
Baboons can learn to categorize stimuli, such as English words and non-words, indicating the ability for abstract categorization beyond their ecological needs.
Physical Insight
Parrots, like the kea, have demonstrated problem-solving involving understanding of physical properties, such as using weights to gain access to food from a balance scale.
Cooperation and Altruism
Vampire bats display altruistic behavior, as they will regurgitate blood to feed roost-mates that have failed to feed, which supports survival and could indicate a form of cooperation.
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