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Endocrinology and Behavior in Animals

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Oxytocin

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Often referred to as the 'love hormone', it influences social bonding, sexual reproduction, and maternal behaviors.

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Cortisol

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A steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body, including metabolism and the immune response. In animals, it is also related to the stress response.

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Testosterone

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This hormone is primarily associated with male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics, but it's also found in females. It influences aggression and competitive behavior.

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Estrogen

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Estrogen is important in the regulation of the menstrual and estrous reproductive cycles. Behaviorally, it impacts sexual receptivity and maternal behavior.

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Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

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This hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands and is involved in the fight-or-flight response, increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies.

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Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

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Similar to adrenaline, it is involved in the body's reaction to stress and also affects attention and responding reactions in the brain.

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Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

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Thyroid hormones regulate the basal metabolic rate and play an important role in the growth and development of the body. They can influence behavior by affecting overall energy levels and activity.

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Prolactin

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This hormone is produced in the pituitary gland and primarily affects lactation. It also influences parental care behaviors in both males and females.

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Melatonin

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Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles. It can influence circadian rhythms and seasonal behaviors in animals.

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Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone)

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Besides its physical role in water retention, vasopressin affects social behavior, sexual motivation and bonding, and may promote aggressive behavior in males.

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Leptin

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Produced by fat cells, leptin is involved in regulating energy balance by inhibiting hunger. It can influence foraging behaviors and energy expenditure in animals.

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Ghrelin

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Known as the 'hunger hormone', it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage. Its levels rise before meals and decrease after eating.

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Insulin

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Insulin regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism, allowing the body's cells to absorb glucose. Behaviorally, it can affect hunger and satiety.

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Glucocorticoids

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Predominantly cortisol, these hormones are involved in glucose metabolism and suppress the immune system. High levels over prolonged periods can result in anxiety and depression-like behaviors.

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Androgens

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Androgens like testosterone play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. High androgen levels can lead to increased aggression and sexual arousal.

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Progesterone

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This hormone is involved in the menstrual and estrous cycles. It prepares the body for pregnancy and can influence nurturing and attachment behaviors.

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Serotonin

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Although primarily a neurotransmitter, serotonin influences general mood and social behavior. Low levels can lead to depression and aggression.

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Dopamine

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Primarily associated with the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine can also influence attention, mood, and motivation.

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Endorphins

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Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters. They are known for their role in pain reduction and the feeling of well-being, and can promote stress-coping mechanisms.

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Endocannabinoids

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These are naturally produced compounds in the body that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They play roles in mood, memory, appetite, and pain sensation, besides influencing stress and fear responses.

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