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Interactions with other individuals in a cooperative or competitive manner, often seen in puppies.

Interaction with objects such as toys or sticks, observed in kittens playing with balls of yarn.

Movement-based play such as running, jumping or climbing, seen in young monkeys navigating trees.

Young animals exploring new environments or stimuli, like juvenile rats investigating novel objects.

Imitative actions that don't have immediate goals or outcomes, observed in young dogs carrying empty food bowls.

Play that occurs when the animal is alone, such as a bear cub playing with a log.

Young animals observing others at play, sometimes seen in meerkat pups watching elders.

When animals take turns adopting different roles, such as dominant or submissive, in play fighting.

When animals intentionally inhibit their own strength or skill, seen in adult dogs playing gently with puppies.

Behaviors used to initiate play, such as the play bow in dogs.

Sequential actions that follow a pattern, observed in cubs chasing each other in a consistent manner.

Repetitious actions that mimic adult behaviors, like juvenile birds practicing nest building.

Play involving novel or improvised actions, seen in young apes using tools in new ways.

Activity-based play that involves exertion of the body, such as lion cubs wrestling.