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Neuroscience of Animal Behaviors
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Basal Ganglia
Involved in the control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors, and emotions.
Endocrine System
A network of glands that release hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, and mood, which can indirectly affect behavior.
Neural Plasticity
The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt, important for learning and memory.
Pheromones
Chemical signals released by an animal that influence the behavior of other members of the same species, such as mating behaviors.
Somatosensory System
Processes sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system, including touch, temperature, and pain.
Hippocampus
Important for the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.
Brainstem
Responsible for automatic survival functions, such as breathing, arousal, and heart rate.
Hormones
Biochemical substances that influence behavior by affecting the nervous system, including aggression, mating, and parental behaviors.
Cerebral Cortex
Controls complex thought processes, voluntary actions, and perceptual awareness.
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that fire during both performing an action and when observing the same action performed by another.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses, affecting mood, arousal, and motivation.
Corpus Callosum
The main bridge between the brain's left and right hemispheres, allowing for interhemispheric communication.
Cerebellum
Regulates motor movements, posture, balance, and coordination; its damage impairs these processes.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Regulates involuntary processes such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, which influence the animal's readiness for activity.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
Limbic System
A complex system that controls emotions and drives, like hunger, sex, and care of offspring.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Acts as the central circadian clock, controlling the cyclic activities of daily life.
Amygdala
Responsible for fear responses and emotion processing.
Motor Cortex
An area of the brain predominantly involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms the body and conserves energy ('rest and digest').
Auditory System
Enables perception of sound, which affects communication, predator/prey detection, and navigation in the environment.
Gustatory System
The sensory system that is responsible for the perception of taste and flavor.
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary muscle movements and mediates sensory information.
Retina
A layer of tissue in the eye that detects light and color, critical for visual perception.
Olfactory Bulb
The first structure involved in processing smells, important for many animals in foraging and social interactions.
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