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Important for the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.

Responsible for fear responses and emotion processing.

Controls complex thought processes, voluntary actions, and perceptual awareness.

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses, affecting mood, arousal, and motivation.

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Calms the body and conserves energy ('rest and digest').

Neurons that fire during both performing an action and when observing the same action performed by another.

Involved in the control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors, and emotions.

Biochemical substances that influence behavior by affecting the nervous system, including aggression, mating, and parental behaviors.

A layer of tissue in the eye that detects light and color, critical for visual perception.

The first structure involved in processing smells, important for many animals in foraging and social interactions.

A complex system that controls emotions and drives, like hunger, sex, and care of offspring.

Responsible for automatic survival functions, such as breathing, arousal, and heart rate.

Controls voluntary muscle movements and mediates sensory information.

The main bridge between the brain's left and right hemispheres, allowing for interhemispheric communication.

A network of glands that release hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, and mood, which can indirectly affect behavior.

The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt, important for learning and memory.

Enables perception of sound, which affects communication, predator/prey detection, and navigation in the environment.

The sensory system that is responsible for the perception of taste and flavor.

Processes sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system, including touch, temperature, and pain.

An area of the brain predominantly involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.

Acts as the central circadian clock, controlling the cyclic activities of daily life.

Regulates motor movements, posture, balance, and coordination; its damage impairs these processes.

Chemical signals released by an animal that influence the behavior of other members of the same species, such as mating behaviors.