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Structure: Monomeric subtype of IgG. Function: Responds mainly to polysaccharide antigens, less efficient in opsonization compared to IgG1. Location: Found in blood serum and within tissues.

Structure: Mainly dimeric, 4 light chains, 4 heavy chains with J chain. Function: Protects mucosal surfaces by neutralization and agglutination of pathogens. Location: Mucosal areas (e.g., saliva, tears, breast milk).

Structure: Monomeric subtype of IgG. Function: Involved in anti-inflammatory responses, binds to allergens and may prevent IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Location: Found in serum and tissue fluids.

Structure: Monomer, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains. Function: Provides long-term immunity, opsonization, neutralization of toxins, and protection against microorganisms. Location: Found in blood serum and extracellular fluid.

Structure: Monomer, 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains. Function: Acts as an antigen receptor on naive B cells, involved in the initiation of immune response. Location: B cell surface, some in serum.

Structure: Monomeric subtype of IgG. Function: Predominant in response to protein antigens, can cross the placenta to provide fetal immunity. Location: Found throughout the body, in tissue fluids and blood.

Structure: Dimeric form of IgA with secretory component. Function: Important in mucosal immunity; protects mucosal surfaces from pathogen entry. Location: Secretions such as saliva, tears, and intestinal fluids.

Structure: Monomer, 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains. Function: Triggers allergic reactions, provides protection against parasitic worms. Location: Bound to mast cells and basophils, low concentration in serum.

Structure: Monomeric subtype of IgG. Function: Has the highest affinity for Fc receptors; very effective in activating complement. Location: Present in serum.