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Bioenergetics
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP is the energy currency of the cell, releases energy when it loses a phosphate to become ADP.
Gibbs Free Energy
The amount of energy available to do work; represented by the equation
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules, affecting their oxidation states.
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient, coupled to ATP synthesis.
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient.
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often catalyzed by enzymes, increasing the molecule's energy content.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes without being consumed.
Glycolysis
A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate, with a net production of ATP and NADH.
Entropic Effect
A thermodynamic quantity representing unavailability of system's energy to do work due to disorder.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
An important organic compound in metabolism, it is converted to ATP for the storage of energy during cell metabolism.
Calvin Cycle
The set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis and do not require light.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
ATP Synthase
An important enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the process of chemiosmosis.
Respiration
The process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
Proton-Motive Force (PMF)
The force that promotes movement of protons across membranes due to a proton gradient and membrane potential.
Fermentation
A metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen. Products include alcohols or acids and the release of carbon dioxide.
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
A form of photosynthesis that produces oxygen and occurs in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Anabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways that involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, generally requiring energy.
Catabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
Energy Coupling
The transfer of energy from catabolic to anabolic pathways, or vice versa.
NAD+ / NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an electron carrier used in cellular respiration, reduced to NADH.
FAD / FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is another electron carrier in respiration that is reduced to FADH2.
Activation Energy (Ea)
The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Aerobic Respiration
A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen to generate ATP.
Lipid Metabolism
The process by which fatty acids are broken down or synthesized to generate energy or store energy, respectively.
Metabolic Rate
The rate at which metabolism occurs in a living organism.
Thermogenesis
The process of heat production in organisms, which can occur through metabolic processes like muscle activity and shivering.
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
A component of the electron transport chain that carries electrons from complexes I and II to complex III.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
ATP synthesis when a high energy phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP.
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration without oxygen; this produces less energy but allows organisms to convert energy for metabolism without the use of oxygen.
Protein Complexes
Groups of proteins that function as a unit, such as those found in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process of generating ATP by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain to drive proton pumping and ultimately power ATP synthase.
Acetyl-CoA
An important molecule in metabolism, used in the citric acid cycle, it represents the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Endosymbiotic Theory
A theory suggesting that some organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells.
Uncoupling Proteins
Proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allow protons to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without energy being captured as ATP.
Biochemical Energy
The form of energy contained within chemical bonds, which can be harnessed and transformed to do work during biological reactions.
Metabolic Pathway
A series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction.
Proton Gradient
A gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane which stores potential energy.
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