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Groups of proteins that function as a unit, such as those found in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria.

The force that promotes movement of protons across membranes due to a proton gradient and membrane potential.

Metabolic pathways that involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, generally requiring energy.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is another electron carrier in respiration that is reduced to FADH2.

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

An important enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the process of chemiosmosis.

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often catalyzed by enzymes, increasing the molecule's energy content.

The set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis and do not require light.

A component of the electron transport chain that carries electrons from complexes I and II to complex III.

Proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allow protons to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without energy being captured as ATP.

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes without being consumed.

A gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane which stores potential energy.

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

An important molecule in metabolism, used in the citric acid cycle, it represents the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

An important organic compound in metabolism, it is converted to ATP for the storage of energy during cell metabolism.

A form of photosynthesis that produces oxygen and occurs in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.

The transfer of energy from catabolic to anabolic pathways, or vice versa.

The rate at which metabolism occurs in a living organism.

The process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen to generate ATP.

ATP is the energy currency of the cell, releases energy when it loses a phosphate to become ADP.

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient, coupled to ATP synthesis.

Reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules, affecting their oxidation states.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient.

A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate, with a net production of ATP and NADH.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an electron carrier used in cellular respiration, reduced to NADH.

The process of generating ATP by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain to drive proton pumping and ultimately power ATP synthase.

The amount of energy available to do work; represented by the equation

The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

The process of heat production in organisms, which can occur through metabolic processes like muscle activity and shivering.

A theory suggesting that some organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells.

A thermodynamic quantity representing unavailability of system's energy to do work due to disorder.

A metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen. Products include alcohols or acids and the release of carbon dioxide.

The process by which fatty acids are broken down or synthesized to generate energy or store energy, respectively.

ATP synthesis when a high energy phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP.

Respiration without oxygen; this produces less energy but allows organisms to convert energy for metabolism without the use of oxygen.

The form of energy contained within chemical bonds, which can be harnessed and transformed to do work during biological reactions.