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Mechanism: Uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP. Examples: ATP synthase in mitochondria uses the proton gradient for ATP generation.

Mechanism: Uses ATP to actively transport substances against their gradient. Examples: Na+/K+ ATPase exchanges Na+ for K+ against their gradients.

Mechanism: Swaps one ion or molecule for another across the membrane. Examples: Cl-/HCO3- exchanger regulates acid-base balance.

Mechanism: Facilitates diffusion of molecules along the concentration gradient. Examples: GLUT transporters transport glucose.

Mechanism: Couples the transport of one molecule with another in the same direction across the membrane. Examples: SGLT1 transports glucose with Na+.

Mechanism: Temporary phosphorylation by ATP with a conformational change to transport ions. Examples: Ca++-ATPase (SERCA) pumps Ca++ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Mechanism: Opens in response to changes in membrane potential. Examples: Na+ channels in neurons open during depolarization.

Mechanism: Transports two different molecules simultaneously. Examples: NKCC co-transport K+, Na+, and Cl- into cells.

Mechanism: Hydrolyzes ATP to pump protons into vesicles, acidifying them. Examples: Proton pumps in endosomes and lysosomes.

Mechanism: Enables the movement of Ca++ ions across the membrane. Examples: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels important in muscle contraction.

Mechanism: Allows specific ions to pass through via a pore. Examples: K+ channels allow potassium ions to flow down their gradient.

Mechanism: Exchanges three Na+ out of the cell for two K+ into the cell using ATP. Examples: Na+/K+ ATPase maintains cellular ion balance and membrane potential.

Mechanism: Couples the transport of one molecule to the counter transport of another. Examples: Na+/Ca++ exchanger transports Na+ in and Ca++ out.

Mechanism: Opens in response to the binding of a ligand. Examples: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors open for ion passage upon acetylcholine binding.

Mechanism: Allows the passage of certain ions or molecules while excluding others. Examples: Na+ channels are highly selective for Na+ over K+.

Mechanism: Transports amino acids across the cell membrane. Examples: System L transporter moves large neutral amino acids into cells.

Mechanism: Allows the passage of Cl- ions across the membrane. Examples: CFTR permits the transport of chloride and regulates fluid movement.

Mechanism: Uses the gradient of one molecule to transport another molecule. Examples: Serotonin transporters use Na+ gradients to reuptake serotonin.

Mechanism: Facilitates the movement of glucose across the membrane. Examples: GLUT4 responds to insulin for glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells.

Mechanism: Opens in response to mechanical forces applied to the membrane. Examples: MscL in bacteria allows solutes to pass under osmotic stress.

Mechanism: Actively transports protons (H+) across a membrane consuming ATP. Examples: H+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells secreting gastric acid.

Mechanism: Use ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport various molecules. Examples: P-glycoprotein exports xenobiotics out of cells.

Mechanism: Forms channels that connect adjacent cells. Examples: Connexins form pores for direct cytoplasmic exchange.

Mechanism: Facilitates water transport across cell membranes. Examples: AQP1 allows rapid water movement.