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During these reactions, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while water is split to release oxygen.

Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll excites electrons, which are transferred to an electron transport chain. Water molecules are split to replenish these electrons, releasing oxygen.

A sequence of electron carriers that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

Absorbs light energy to excite electrons, which are eventually used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

An enzyme that creates ATP as protons move down their gradient through it, powering the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The process of generating molecular oxygen (O2) by splitting water molecules.

Uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

The process of converting inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic form (3-PGA) using the enzyme RuBisCO.

ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to convert 3-PGA into G3P, a three-carbon sugar.

Some G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP, ensuring the continuity of the Calvin Cycle.

A wasteful pathway that occurs when RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, leading to a decrease in photosynthetic output.

An adaptation in some plants that pre-concentrates carbon dioxide at the site of the Calvin Cycle, which minimizes photorespiration.

An adaptation in some plants where stomata open at night to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic acids, which is later released for use in the Calvin Cycle during the day.

Pores found on the leaf surface that allow for gas exchange, opening to allow in carbon dioxide and releasing water vapor and oxygen.