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Absorbs light energy to excite electrons, which are eventually used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

A wasteful pathway that occurs when RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, leading to a decrease in photosynthetic output.

Uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

An enzyme that creates ATP as protons move down their gradient through it, powering the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to convert 3-PGA into G3P, a three-carbon sugar.

Some G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP, ensuring the continuity of the Calvin Cycle.

During these reactions, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while water is split to release oxygen.

An adaptation in some plants that pre-concentrates carbon dioxide at the site of the Calvin Cycle, which minimizes photorespiration.

Pores found on the leaf surface that allow for gas exchange, opening to allow in carbon dioxide and releasing water vapor and oxygen.

The process of converting inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic form (3-PGA) using the enzyme RuBisCO.

Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll excites electrons, which are transferred to an electron transport chain. Water molecules are split to replenish these electrons, releasing oxygen.

The process of generating molecular oxygen (O2) by splitting water molecules.

Chloroplasts have a double membrane system, thylakoids where the light reactions occur, and stroma for the Calvin Cycle.

An adaptation in some plants where stomata open at night to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic acids, which is later released for use in the Calvin Cycle during the day.