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Thiamine Pyrophosphate(TPP); act as a coenzyme in the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids, such as in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); these are redox coenzymes involved in several reactions in the electron transport chain and the citric acid cycle.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+); involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.

Coenzyme A (CoA); vital for the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP); a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions within amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation.

Biotin; serves as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, adding a carboxyl group (COOH) to substrates, important for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.

Tetrahydrofolate (THF); acts as a carrier of methyl, formyl, and methenyl groups in the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids.

5'-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin and Methylcobalamin; they are cofactors involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Specifically, involved in DNA synthesis and regulation as well as fatty acid, amino acid metabolism.

Ascorbic Acid; involved as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen, the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline and as an antioxidant.

Retinal; acts as a coenzyme in the visual cycle, which is vital for healthy vision, and Retinoic Acid; critical for gene transcription.

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol); acts as a hormone to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism, which are crucial for maintaining healthy bones and teeth.

Tocopherols and Tocotrienols; act as antioxidants to protect cell membranes from oxidative damage.

Phylloquinone and Menaquinones; are cofactors for the carboxylation of specific glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, which is essential for clotting factor function.

Coenzyme A (CoA); as stated with Vitamin B5, it’s pivotal for the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.

Biotin; (repeated from Vitamin B7) acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); (repeated from Vitamin B3) serve in oxidation and reduction reactions that convert energy from food into cellular usable forms.

Tetrahydrofolate (THF); (repeated from Vitamin B9) functions in transferring single-carbon units in the synthesis of nucleic acids and metabolism of amino acids.

Cobalamin coenzymes (5'-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin and Methylcobalamin); (repeated from Vitamin B12) required for the synthesis of methionine, the metabolism of fatty acids and energy production.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); (repeated from Vitamin B2) they are components of complex II of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.