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The modifications of RNA after transcription, including splicing, 5' capping, and polyadenylation, which lead to a mature form of mRNA that's ready for translation.

The physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from a random coil after translation.

The process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript as a template. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome corresponding to the three-nucleotide codons of the mRNA.

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. It is essential for cell division and is the basis for biological inheritance.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code. Transcription is the first step of gene expression.

A process occurring after transcription in which introns are removed and exons are joined to create a contiguous coding sequence in the mRNA.

A collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome to prevent mutations.

Chemical changes to the protein that may be critical to its final function, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation.

Refers to the role of RNA molecules not translated into protein but have roles in gene regulation, RNA processing, and other cellular processes, like tRNA and rRNA.