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Time period: c. 4500 - 1900 BC, major achievements: Cuneiform writing, the wheel, ziggurats, downfall: Repeated invasions by neighboring peoples.

Time period: c. 2334 - 2154 BC, major achievements: First empire in history, Akkadian language, military achievements of Sargon of Akkad, downfall: Internal strife and invasions by the Gutians.

Time period: c. 1894 - 539 BC, major achievements: Code of Hammurabi, Hanging Gardens, development of mathematics and astronomy, downfall: Conquered by the Persian Empire.

Time period: c. 2500 - 609 BC, major achievements: Advanced military techniques and weaponry, vast library at Nineveh, extensive road system, downfall: A coalition of Medes, Babylonians, and Scythians eventually overthrew them.

Time period: c. 1600 - 1178 BC, major achievements: Iron smelting technology, legal advancements, military successes with chariots, downfall: Possible combination of internal strife, invasions, and natural disasters.

Time period: c. 1531 - 1155 BC, major achievements: Successful integration into Mesopotamian society, contribution to the arts, maintained the stability in Babylonia, downfall: Elamite invasions and Assyrian pressures.

Time period: c. 2000 - 1595 BC, major achievements: Established the city of Babylon as an important culture center, notable kings like Hammurabi, built up infrastructure, downfall: Invasion by the Hittites and internal decline.

Time period: c. 2700 - 539 BC, major achievements: Notable archers, development of the Elamite script, unique artistic style, downfall: Became a province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

Time period: c. 1500 – 1300 BC, major achievements: Horse training and chariotry, treaty with the Egyptians, Sun worshipping (cult of Mitra), downfall: Conquered by Hittites and Assyrians.