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Contributions: Socratic Method, Ethical Philosophy, Socratic Paradoxes. Notable works: None (writings attributed to him are by his students, like Plato).

Contributions: Theory of Forms, Platonic Realism, works on Political Philosophy. Notable works: 'The Republic', 'Symposium', 'Phaedrus'.

Contributions: Foundations of Western Logic, Ethical theory, Political theory, Metaphysics. Notable works: 'Nicomachean Ethics', 'Politics', 'Metaphysics', 'Poetics'.

Contributions: Pythagoreanism, blending of philosophy and religion, early contributions to mathematics and observational astronomy. Notable works: None (writings lost or attributed to later Pythagoreans).

Contributions: Doctrine of change being central to the universe, Logos. Notable works: None (fragments of his work exist).

Contributions: Philosophical monism, the concept of 'being', change is an illusion. Notable works: 'On Nature'.

Contributions: Four Classical Elements (fire, air, water, earth) as roots of all matter, theories on perception and light. Notable works: 'On Nature', 'Purifications'.

Contributions: Concept of Nous (Mind), cosmological theory of everything being infinitely divisible. Notable works: None (fragments of his writings survive).

Contributions: Atomism - theory of universe composed of indivisible atoms. Notable works: None (only fragments and reports of his work exist).

Contributions: Asserted that 'Man is the measure of all things', developed a form of agnosticism. Notable works: 'Truth' (now lost)

Contributions: Zeno's paradoxes - challenges to the then-current ideas of motion and plurality. Notable works: None (known through the writings of others such as Aristotle).

Contributions: Epicureanism - Philosophy of happiness and avoidance of pain, atomistic universe. Notable works: 'Letter to Menoeceus', 'On Nature' (fragments).

Contributions: Cynic philosophy, critique of social conventions, ascetic lifestyle. Notable works: None (anecdotes and descriptions by later authors).

Contributions: Founded Neoplatonism, discussed the one and the many, hierarchy of existence. Notable works: 'Enneads'.