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The last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, she was known for her affairs with Roman leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, and her tragic suicide. Cleopatra played a significant role in the Roman political battles and is remembered as a powerful, intelligent ruler.

A Hellenistic Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician in Alexandria. Hypatia was known for her knowledge of philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, and for her brutal death, which is seen as a symbolic moment in the decline of ancient Egyptian society.

An archaic Greek poet from the island of Lesbos, renowned for her lyric poetry, which explored themes of passion and love, particularly for women. Her works significantly influenced Greek poetics and the Western literary tradition.

Queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe, who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire in 60/61 CE. Despite the eventual defeat, her rebellion had significant impact and she is remembered as a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.

A queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and a naval commander during the Persian Wars. Artemisia fought on the side of Xerxes' Persian army and was noted for her courage and strategic acumen at the Battle of Salamis.

The fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Hatshepsut was one of the most successful pharaohs and is considered one of the first great women rulers in history. Her reign was marked by peace, prosperity, and monumental building projects.

A notable Roman matron, remembered primarily as the mother of the Gracchi brothers. She is celebrated for her virtuous character and for the education she provided her children, who would go on to seek significant social reforms for the Roman Republic.

The first known author whose name has been recorded, Enheduanna was a high priestess of the moon god Nanna in Ur and a poet. Her hymns to Inanna are an important signpost in the development of literary history.

Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, Vietnamese military leaders who rebelled against Chinese rule in 40 AD, proclaimed themselves queens and are hailed as national heroines of Vietnam. Their rebellion is a symbol of Vietnamese resilience and independence.

The daughter of King Cleomenes I of Sparta and wife of King Leonidas I, Gorgo is known for her political judgment and wisdom. She is particularly remembered for her role in advising her husband during the Persian Wars.

A foreign woman in Athens who became the companion of the statesman Pericles. Aspasia is renowned for her intelligence and for the influence she wielded in Athens' political and cultural circles during its Golden Age.

A powerful Roman empress and the mother of Emperor Nero. Agrippina was known for her political shrewdness and ambition, and her ability to maintain a prominent position in Roman power dynamics, often through manipulative means.

An ancient Greek poet and an influential figure in the defense of Argos. According to legend, Telesilla helped to repel a Spartan invasion by organizing the women of the city into a makeshift army. Her courage and leadership made her an exemplar of female heroism in Greek lore.

The ruler of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria who led a famous revolt against the Roman Empire. She expanded her realm dramatically before being conquered by Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia is remembered for her ambition, intelligence, and resilience.