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Time period: 1400–400 BCE, Region: Gulf Coast of Mexico, Notable achievements: Creation of colossal head sculptures, development of a writing system and calendar, Downfall: Likely environmental changes and overexploitation of resources

Time period: 100 BCE – 550 CE, Region: Central Mexico, Notable achievements: Architectural innovations including the Pyramid of the Sun and the Moon, extensive trade network, Downfall: Unknown, possibly internal unrest or invasion

Time period: 2000 BCE – 900 CE, Region: Southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and parts of Honduras and El Salvador, Notable achievements: Elaborate calendar and hieroglyphic writing system, advancements in mathematics and astronomy, Downfall: Combination of environmental stress, warfare, and political instability

Time period: 700 BCE – 1521 CE, Region: Oaxaca, Mexico, Notable achievements: Early adoption of writing and urbanization, construction of Monte Alban, Downfall: Conquered by the Mixtec and later by the Spanish

Time period: 900 CE – 1521 CE, Region: Oaxaca and surrounding regions, Notable achievements: Mastery of metallurgy, high-quality craftsmanship in ceramics and stone carving, Downfall: Spaniards and their indigenous allies conquered the Mixtec regions

Time period: 900–1150 CE, Region: Central Mexico, Notable achievements: Craftsmanship, particularly in pottery and metalwork; influence on Aztec culture, Downfall: Civil strife and nomadic invasions

Time period: 1345–1521 CE, Region: Central Mexico, Notable achievements: Complex social organization, monumental architecture including the Templo Mayor, extensive written documents, Downfall: Spanish conquest led by Hernán Cortés