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Ancient World Religions and Belief Systems

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Hinduism

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Primary deities: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva; Core beliefs: Dharma, Karma, Samsara, Moksha; Regions practiced: India, Nepal

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Buddhism

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Primary deities: None (non-theistic religion), but reverence for Buddhas and Bodhisattvas; Core beliefs: The Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path; Regions practiced: East Asia, Southeast Asia

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Ancient Egyptian Religion

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Primary deities: Ra, Osiris, Isis, Anubis; Core beliefs: Polytheistic, belief in afterlife, concept of Ma'at; Regions practiced: Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Greek Religion

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Primary deities: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo; Core beliefs: Polytheistic, mythology, oracles; Regions practiced: Ancient Greece, Hellenistic world

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Ancient Roman Religion

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Primary deities: Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Venus, Minerva; Core beliefs: Polytheistic, emphasis on rituals and festivals; Regions practiced: Ancient Rome

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Zoroastrianism

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Primary deities: Ahura Mazda; Core beliefs: Dualistic cosmology of good and evil, concept of free will; Regions practiced: Ancient Persia (modern-day Iran)

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Judaism

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Primary deities: Yahweh; Core beliefs: Monotheistic, the Covenant, Torah; Regions practiced: Ancient Israel, worldwide diaspora

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Confucianism

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Primary deities: None (more of a philosophy than a religion); Core beliefs: Importance of ethics, filial piety, role of the gentleman; Regions practiced: Ancient China

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Taoism

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Primary deities: Numerous deities, including Laozi; Core beliefs: The Tao, yin and yang, wu wei (non-action); Regions practiced: Ancient China

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Shinto

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Primary deities: Numerous kami (spiritual beings akin to gods); Core beliefs: Ritual cleanliness, harmony with nature and spirits; Regions practiced: Japan

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Celtic Polytheism

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Primary deities: The Dagda, Morrigan, Lugh; Core beliefs: Polytheistic, animism, druidic class; Regions practiced: Ancient Celtic regions (e.g., Britain, Ireland)

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Norse Religion

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Primary deities: Odin, Thor, Freyja, Loki; Core beliefs: Polytheistic, concept of Valhalla, runes; Regions practiced: Scandinavia

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