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Developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, the wheel's invention was a critical advancement in transportation and technology.

Developed by multiple ancient cultures including Mesopotamia, the plow dramatically increased agricultural productivity.

Credited to the Sumerians, writing is one of the most significant inventions for recording and transmitting information across generations.

The Phoenicians developed the alphabet, which simplified the complex writing systems of the past and had a lasting impact on future languages.

Babylonians and Ancient Egyptians are known for their early observations of heavenly bodies, crucial for the development of calendars and navigation.

Developed by a variety of ancient cultures, the calendar was essential for agriculture, religious festivals, and administration.

Invented by the Chinese, paper was a breakthrough in writing materials and revolutionized documentation and literature.

Another Chinese invention, gunpowder had a profound effect on warfare and later enabled the development of firearms and artillery.

Utilized by the Romans and Mesopotamians, the arch allowed for more durable construction and influenced architecture for millennia.

The Roman Empire developed extensive sewer systems, improving urban sanitation and influencing city planning in subsequent cultures.

Romans developed concrete, a building material that vastly improved construction durability., It has been vitally important in construction ever since.

The Roman Empire built extensive roads facilitating movement of armies, trade, and information, and heavily influencing infrastructure development.

Ancient Egyptians developed mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife, which also contributes to our understanding of their culture today.

Initially developed by the Chinese for divination, the compass became a critical tool for navigation during the Age of Discovery.

The crossbow was developed in ancient China and later utilized in other cultures, significantly impacting warfare with its mechanical advantage.

Roman engineering feats include aqueducts, which transported fresh water over long distances and helped sustain large cities.

Originating in China, block printing enabled the spread of literature and knowledge long before the invention of the movable type.