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Territory ruled: Macedonian Empire, Years in power: 336–323 BCE, Major accomplishments: Founded over 20 cities named Alexandria, spread Greek culture throughout his empire.

Territory ruled: Roman Republic, Years in power: 49–44 BCE, Major accomplishments: Centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic, expanded the senate, reformed the calendar.

Territory ruled: Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Years in power: 51–30 BCE, Major accomplishments: Established political alliances with Roman leaders, maintained Egypt’s independence, culturally and linguistically integrated with Egypt.

Territory ruled: Maurya Empire, Years in power: 268–232 BCE, Major accomplishments: Promoted the spread of Buddhism, established the Edicts of Ashoka, and developed a road system.

Territory ruled: Qin Dynasty of China, Years in power: 221–210 BCE, Major accomplishments: Unified China, built the majority of the Great Wall, standardized coins, weights, and measures.

Territory ruled: Achaemenid Empire, Years in power: 550–530 BCE, Major accomplishments: Created the largest empire the world had seen, respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered, established the Persian postal system.

Territory ruled: Roman Empire, Years in power: 27 BCE–14 CE, Major accomplishments: Founded the Roman Empire and inaugurated the Pax Romana, reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads.

Territory ruled: Babylonian Empire, Years in power: ca. 1792–1750 BCE, Major accomplishments: Codified the laws of Babylon (Code of Hammurabi), established a centralized bureaucracy, made significant advancements in irrigation.

Territory ruled: Akkadian Empire, Years in power: ca. 2334–2279 BCE, Major accomplishments: Considered the first ruler to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, developed trade expansions, standardized the religion and culture of Mesopotamia.

Territory ruled: Achaemenid Empire, Years in power: 522–486 BCE, Major accomplishments: Established a system of provinces and tribute, built extensive road systems, including the Royal Road, and enhanced the military.

Territory ruled: Athenian Empire, Years in power: 461–429 BCE, Major accomplishments: Oversaw the building of the Parthenon, developed Athenian democracy to its height, led Athens during its Golden Age.

Territory ruled: Egypt, Years in power: 1279–1213 BCE, Major accomplishments: Rebuilt many temples and monuments, signed the first recorded peace treaty, and led military expeditions that expanded Egypt’s reach.

Territory ruled: Egypt, Years in power: 1332–1323 BCE, Major accomplishments: Restored traditional Egyptian religion and art, moved the capital back to Thebes, known primarily for his intact tomb discovered in 1922.

Territory ruled: Neo-Babylonian Empire, Years in power: 605–562 BCE, Major accomplishments: Constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, rebuilt the city of Babylon into a beautiful city, and expanded the empire through military campaigns.

Territory ruled: Mongol Empire, Years in power: 1206–1227, Major accomplishments: Established the largest contiguous land empire in history, created a novel military strategy, enforced the use of a written Mongolian language.

Territory ruled: Sparta, Years in power: 490–480 BCE, Major accomplishments: Known for his leadership at the Battle of Thermopylae, helped to delay the Persians' advance, symbol of courage and sacrifice.

Territory ruled: Egypt, Years in power: 1478–1458 BCE, Major accomplishments: One of the most successful pharaohs, recognized for extensive trade expeditions, established hundreds of construction projects across Egypt.

Territory ruled: Qin Dynasty of China, Years in power: 221–210 BCE, Major accomplishments: See card for 'Qin Shi Huang'—both refer to the same individual, who was referenced by different names in historical texts.

Territory ruled: Athens, Years in power: 594 BCE (archonship), Major accomplishments: Laid the foundations for Athenian democracy, created economic reforms known as the Seisachtheia, and revised laws to reduce the power of the aristocracy.