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Time period: 27 BC - 476 AD, major expansions under Emperor Trajan, reasons for decline include economic troubles, overexpansion, and military overspending.

Time period: 550 - 330 BC, major expansions under Cyrus the Great and Darius, reasons for decline were revolts within the empire and the invasion by Alexander the Great.

Time period: 336 - 323 BC, major expansions under Alexander the Great, reasons for decline include Alexander's untimely death and the subsequent division among his generals.

Time period: 322 - 185 BC, major expansions under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, reasons for decline include succession crisis and invasion by the Greco-Bactrians.

Time period: 206 BC - 220 AD, major expansions under Emperor Wu, reasons for decline include political corruption, eunuch uprising, and peasant rebellions such as the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

Time period: 330 - 1453 AD, major expansions during the reign of Justinian I, reasons for decline include the Fourth Crusade, economic hardship, and conquest by the Ottomans.

Time period: 320 - 550 AD, major expansions under Chandragupta I and Samudragupta, reasons for decline include Hunnic invasions and internal power struggles.

Time period: 661 - 750 AD, major expansions from the Iberian Peninsula to India, reasons for decline include internal rebellions like the Abbasid Revolt, and overextension of the empire.

Time period: 800 - 888 AD, major expansions under Charlemagne, reasons for decline include the Treaty of Verdun and invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars.