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Ergogenic Aids in Sports

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Caffeine

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Effect on performance: Increases alertness and reduces fatigue; Legality: Legal, but regulated in many sports.

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Creatine

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Effect on performance: Enhances ability to produce high-intensity muscle contractions; Legality: Legal and not banned by major sports organizations.

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Anabolic Steroids

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Effect on performance: Increases muscle mass and strength; Legality: Illegal and banned by most sports organizations.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Effect on performance: Increases red blood cell mass, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles; Legality: Banned in sports.

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Beta-Alanine

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Effect on performance: Delays muscle fatigue by buffering lactic acid; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Nitrate

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Effect on performance: May improve efficiency of oxygen usage in muscles; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Bicarbonate

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Effect on performance: Buffers hydrogen ions, delaying onset of muscle fatigue; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Androstenedione

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Effect on performance: Precursor to testosterone, advertised to increase muscle strength; Legality: Banned by major sports organizations.

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

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Effect on performance: Promotes muscle growth and fat loss; Legality: Banned by major sports organizations.

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Blood Doping

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Effect on performance: Increases red blood cell count, improving oxygen delivery to muscles; Legality: Illegal and banned by sports organizations.

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Carnitine

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Effect on performance: Claimed to increase fat metabolism and endurance; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Cordyceps

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Effect on performance: May improve use of oxygen and production of ATP; Legality: Legal and not commonly regulated.

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Glutamine

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Effect on performance: Aids in muscle recovery and immune system support; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Sodium Phosphate

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Effect on performance: Can enhance aerobic capacity and time to exhaustion; Legality: Legal and not banned.

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Protein Supplements

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Effect on performance: Supports muscle repair and growth; Legality: Legal and not banned by sports organizations.

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