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Ergogenic Aids in Sports
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Caffeine
Effect on performance: Increases alertness and reduces fatigue; Legality: Legal, but regulated in many sports.
Creatine
Effect on performance: Enhances ability to produce high-intensity muscle contractions; Legality: Legal and not banned by major sports organizations.
Anabolic Steroids
Effect on performance: Increases muscle mass and strength; Legality: Illegal and banned by most sports organizations.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Effect on performance: Increases red blood cell mass, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles; Legality: Banned in sports.
Beta-Alanine
Effect on performance: Delays muscle fatigue by buffering lactic acid; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Nitrate
Effect on performance: May improve efficiency of oxygen usage in muscles; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Bicarbonate
Effect on performance: Buffers hydrogen ions, delaying onset of muscle fatigue; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Androstenedione
Effect on performance: Precursor to testosterone, advertised to increase muscle strength; Legality: Banned by major sports organizations.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
Effect on performance: Promotes muscle growth and fat loss; Legality: Banned by major sports organizations.
Blood Doping
Effect on performance: Increases red blood cell count, improving oxygen delivery to muscles; Legality: Illegal and banned by sports organizations.
Carnitine
Effect on performance: Claimed to increase fat metabolism and endurance; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Cordyceps
Effect on performance: May improve use of oxygen and production of ATP; Legality: Legal and not commonly regulated.
Glutamine
Effect on performance: Aids in muscle recovery and immune system support; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Sodium Phosphate
Effect on performance: Can enhance aerobic capacity and time to exhaustion; Legality: Legal and not banned.
Protein Supplements
Effect on performance: Supports muscle repair and growth; Legality: Legal and not banned by sports organizations.
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