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Performance-Enhancing Substances

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

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Effects: Increased muscle mass, bone density, and exercise capacity. Risks: Joint pain, increased insulin resistance, and increased risk of diabetes. Legal status: Prescription-only; banned by major sports organizations.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Effects: Increased red blood cell production, enhanced oxygen delivery to muscles. Risks: Blood clots, strokes, and hypertension. Legal status: Banned by major sports organizations.

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Cannabinoids

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Effects: Relaxation, altered perception, and pain relief. Risks: Memory impairment, mental health problems, potential for addiction. Legal status: Varies by country; prohibited by many sports organizations during competition.

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Beta-Alanine

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Effects: Increased muscle carnosine levels, enhanced performance in high-intensity activities. Risks: Paresthesia (tingling), flushing, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Legal status: Legal and not banned by most sports organizations.

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Androstenedione

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Effects: A steroid hormone used to increase testosterone levels; Risks: Endocrine disruption, similar risks to anabolic steroids; Stance in sports: Banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Creatine

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Effects: Increased muscle mass, strength, and anaerobic performance. Risks: Weight gain, dehydration, and gastrointestinal distress. Legal status: Legal and not banned by most sports organizations.

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Nitrate

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Effects: Improved oxygen utilization, enhanced endurance performance. Risks: Low blood pressure, dizziness, and headaches. Legal status: Legal and not currently banned by major sports organizations.

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Anabolic Steroids

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Effects: Increase muscle mass and strength, improve recovery time. Risks: Liver damage, cardiovascular issues, hormonal imbalance. Legal status: Illegal without prescription; banned by all major sports organizations.

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Diuretics

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Effects: Rapid weight loss by increasing urine production. Risks: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, kidney damage. Legal status: Banned by major sports organizations due to their potential to mask other drugs.

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Caffeine

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Effects: Increased alertness, improved concentration, and reduced fatigue. Risks: Anxiety, insomnia, digestive issues, and increased heart rate. Legal status: Legal and not prohibited by major sports organizations.

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Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

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Effects: Similar benefits to anabolic steroids without some side effects; Risks: Potential liver toxicity, risk of heart attack; Stance in sports: Banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Beta-2 Agonists

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Effects: Improved lung function and potentially increased muscle mass. Risks: Tachycardia, tremors, and headaches. Legal status: Prescription-only for asthma; use in sports requires a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE).

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Modafinil

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Effects: Increases alertness, cognitive function; Risks: Addiction, sleep disruption, psychological effects; Stance in sports: Banned for in-competition use.

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Beta-blockers

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Effects: Decrease heart rate and trembling; Risks: Asthma-like symptoms, fatigue, heart failure in predisposed individuals; Stance in sports: Banned in sports where steadiness is required, like archery and shooting.

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Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

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Effects: Promotes muscle growth, recovery; Risks: Increased risk of cancer, hypoglycemia, and acromegaly; Stance in sports: Banned by most sports organizations.

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