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Cardiac Anatomy Landmarks

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Pulmonary veins

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Veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Abnormalities can be involved in atrial fibrillation.

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Interventricular septum

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The wall separating the left and right ventricles. An important structure as ventricular septal defects are a common congenital heart disease.

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Inferior vena cava

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This large vein carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium. It can be affected by abdominal pressure changes.

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AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)

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Situated at the lower part of the right atrium near the tricuspid valve. It relays electrical impulses from atria to ventricles.

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Tricuspid valve

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Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

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Chordae tendineae

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String-like structures that connect the tricuspid and mitral valves to the papillary muscles of the heart. They prevent prolapse of the valves during ventricular contraction.

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Mitral valve

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Found at the junction between the left atrium and left ventricle. It ensures one-way flow of blood into the left ventricle.

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Superior vena cava

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A large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium. Can be involved in venous congestion.

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Coronary arteries

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Vessels originating at the base of the aorta supplying the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. Blockage of these arteries can lead to myocardial infarction.

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Epicardium

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The outermost layer of the heart wall. It serves as a protective layer and contains coronary arteries and veins.

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Aortic valve

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Situated between the left ventricle and the aorta, it maintains unidirectional blood flow from the heart into the aorta.

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SA Node (Sinoatrial Node)

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Located in the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. It is the natural pacemaker of the heart.

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Bundle of His

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A collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction located at the superior part of the interventricular septum. It transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

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Pulmonary valve

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Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. It prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.

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Papillary muscles

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Muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the chordae tendineae and prevent valve inversion.

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