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Cardiac Biomarkers
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Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]
A lipoprotein variant that at high levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lp(a) is genetically determined and resistant to lifestyle changes.
Homocysteine
An amino acid that at high levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease.
Troponin
Indicates myocardial infarction, used to diagnose heart attacks. Troponin is a protein that is released when the heart muscle is damaged.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Indicates heart failure; used in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. BNP is secreted by ventricles in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells.
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)
Indicates vascular inflammation and is used as a predictor of coronary heart disease. Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme associated with LDL cholesterol.
Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
Indicates damage to cardiac cells; historically used in diagnosing myocardial infarction. CK-MB levels rise following heart muscle damage.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Indicates inflammation and can be used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease. CRP levels rise in response to inflammation.
NT-proBNP
The inactive fragment of BNP, used similarly to diagnose and manage heart failure. NT-proBNP levels correlate with the severity and prognosis of heart failure.
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)
Indicates the level of HDL, or 'good' cholesterol, and is used to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular disease. ApoA1 is a component of HDL particles.
Myoglobin
An early marker for myocardial infarction; less specific than troponin and CK-MB. Myoglobin is released into the bloodstream after heart or skeletal muscle injury.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
Indicates the level of LDL, or 'bad' cholesterol, and is used to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular disease. ApoB is a component of LDL particles.
High-Sensitivity Troponin (hs-Troponin)
A more sensitive form of troponin assay, detects even lower levels of myocardial damage and can be used for earlier diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
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