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Cardiac Biomarkers

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Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]

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A lipoprotein variant that at high levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lp(a) is genetically determined and resistant to lifestyle changes.

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Homocysteine

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An amino acid that at high levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease.

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Troponin

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Indicates myocardial infarction, used to diagnose heart attacks. Troponin is a protein that is released when the heart muscle is damaged.

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Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

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Indicates heart failure; used in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. BNP is secreted by ventricles in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells.

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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)

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Indicates vascular inflammation and is used as a predictor of coronary heart disease. Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme associated with LDL cholesterol.

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Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)

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Indicates damage to cardiac cells; historically used in diagnosing myocardial infarction. CK-MB levels rise following heart muscle damage.

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C-reactive protein (CRP)

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Indicates inflammation and can be used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease. CRP levels rise in response to inflammation.

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NT-proBNP

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The inactive fragment of BNP, used similarly to diagnose and manage heart failure. NT-proBNP levels correlate with the severity and prognosis of heart failure.

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Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)

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Indicates the level of HDL, or 'good' cholesterol, and is used to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular disease. ApoA1 is a component of HDL particles.

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Myoglobin

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An early marker for myocardial infarction; less specific than troponin and CK-MB. Myoglobin is released into the bloodstream after heart or skeletal muscle injury.

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Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

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Indicates the level of LDL, or 'bad' cholesterol, and is used to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular disease. ApoB is a component of LDL particles.

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High-Sensitivity Troponin (hs-Troponin)

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A more sensitive form of troponin assay, detects even lower levels of myocardial damage and can be used for earlier diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

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