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An increase in the resistance that the heart must pump against, which can lead to or exacerbate heart failure.

Irregular heartbeats can arise from heart failure, leading to a further decrease in cardiac efficiency and output.

Fluid accumulation in the body tissues, often in the lower extremities, due to right-sided heart failure and venous congestion.

Activation of systems like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) can lead to fluid retention, vasoconstriction, and further cardiac dysfunction.

Inability to perform physical activity due to reduced cardiac output, poor oxygenation, and fatigue associated with heart failure.

The heart's ability to relax and fill during diastole is impaired, causing increased filling pressures and symptoms of congestion.

A reduction in the force with which the heart muscle contracts, diminishing cardiac output and tissue perfusion.

Alterations in the size, shape, and function of the heart after injury, leading to further decline in cardiac function.

The heart's ability to contract is impaired, leading to a decrease in ejection fraction and cardiac output.

The kidneys' function deteriorates due to diminished blood flow, which can trigger fluid retention and further worsen heart failure.

Elevated venous pressure leads to increased ventricular filling and myocardial stretch, potentially worsening heart failure.

Severe weight loss and muscle wasting seen in advanced heart failure due to chronic inflammation and malnutrition.

Leakage of the mitral valve not due to valve defects but secondary to ventricular dilation and dysfunction in heart failure.

Fluid accumulation in the lungs due to elevated left ventricular filling pressures, resulting in shortness of breath and hypoxia.

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels in the blood resulting from heart failure.

Impaired function of the blood vessel lining, leading to altered vasomotion and contribution to increased afterload.

Occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue and shortness of breath.