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Purpose: To restore normal blood flow through the heart by repairing or replacing dysfunctional heart valves. Basic steps: Accessing the heart, removing or repairing the damaged valve, and placing a new mechanical or biological valve if necessary.

Purpose: To repair a tear in the wall of the aorta. Basic steps: Removing the damaged portion of the aorta and reconstructing it with a synthetic graft, often requiring open-chest surgery.

Purpose: To control abnormal heart rhythms. Basic steps: Inserting a small, battery-operated device under the skin, connecting it to one or more leads positioned in the heart chambers.

Purpose: To remove tumors from within the heart. Basic steps: Surgical removal of the tumor, reconstructing the heart tissue and ensuring proper heart function post-operation.

Purpose: To improve blood flow to the regions of the heart not amenable to stenting or bypass. Basic steps: Using a laser to create channels in the heart muscle to allow blood to flow more freely to the heart tissue.

Purpose: To improve blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked coronary arteries. Basic steps: A surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body and connects it above and below the blocked artery.

Purpose: To relieve obstruction caused by thickened heart muscle. Basic steps: Surgically removing part of the thickened septal wall to improve blood flow out of the heart.

Purpose: To treat atrial fibrillation by creating scars in the heart tissue. Basic steps: Destroying small areas of heart tissue that are causing abnormal electrical signals with catheter-based techniques or surgery.

Purpose: To treat atrial fibrillation by creating a 'maze' of new electrical pathways for heartbeats. Basic Steps: Making incisions or ablations in the atria to prevent erratic electrical signals.

Purpose: To remove leads (wires) from a pacemaker or ICD that are malfunctioning or infected. Basic Steps: Inserting specialized tools via a blood vessel to grasp and safely remove the lead from the heart.

Purpose: To replace a failing heart with a healthy heart from a donor. Basic steps: Removing the diseased heart and implanting the donor heart, connecting the major blood vessels.

Purpose: To remove all or part of the pericardium to relieve constrictive pericarditis. Basic steps: Surgical removal of the thickened pericardial tissue to allow the heart to expand properly.

Purpose: To repair a hole between the heart's ventricles. Basic steps: Closing the defect with a patch or sutures during open-heart surgery or using a catheter-based approach.

Purpose: To treat infections of the heart's inner lining. Basic steps: Removing infected tissue, repairing or replacing damaged valves, and draining any abscesses around the heart.

Purpose: To close a hole in the heart's atrial septum. Basic steps: Either stitching the hole closed or placing a closure device via catheter or during open-heart surgery.

Purpose: To aid the pumping function of a heart with weakened left ventricle. Basic steps: Implanting a device that takes blood from the left ventricle and sends it to the aorta.

Purpose: To open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. Basic steps: Inserting a balloon-tipped catheter to the narrow area, inflating the balloon to open the artery, and placing a stent to keep it open.

Purpose: To monitor and correct potentially fatal arrhythmias. Basic steps: Implanting a device similar to a pacemaker, which can both pace the heart and deliver a shock if needed.

Purpose: To prevent the rupture of an aneurysm in the aorta. Basic steps: Removing the aneurysmal section and replacing it with a synthetic graft, possibly through open surgery or endovascular repair.