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Heart Sounds and Murmurs
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High-pitched blowing sound heard best at the apex and radiating to the left axilla
Mitral Regurgitation - can be associated with mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, or infective endocarditis.
Harsh systolic ejection murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border
Aortic Stenosis - often due to calcification with age, bicuspid aortic valve, or rheumatic heart disease.
Diastolic rumble heard best at the apex with the bell of the stethoscope
Mitral Stenosis - most commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease.
Continuous machine-like murmur
Patent Ductus Arteriosus - a congenital defect in neonates.
Low-frequency rumbling murmur best heard with the bell lightly pressed at the apex
Tricuspid Stenosis - often occurs in conjunction with other valvular diseases, especially rheumatic fever.
Holosystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border
Tricuspid Regurgitation - commonly caused by right ventricular dilatation, endocarditis, or rheumatic fever.
A crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur heard best over the second right intercostal space
Pulmonic Stenosis - often a congenital heart defect.
Early diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best over the third left intercostal space
Aortic Regurgitation - can be caused by endocarditis, aortic root disease, or a connective tissue disorder.
Soft mid-systolic ejection murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border
Atrial Septal Defect - a congenital heart condition where there is a hole in the atrial septum.
Medium-pitched mid-diastolic murmur heard at the left sternal border with the patient in left lateral decubitus position
Flow Murmur across the Tricuspid Valve - can be physiological or due to increased flow in conditions like atrial septal defect or heart failure.
Loud S1 followed by a mid-diastolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
Mitral Stenosis with Preserved Atrial Contraction - typically occurs due to rheumatic heart disease.
Late systolic murmur following a mid-to-late systolic click
Mitral Valve Prolapse - often a benign condition but can progress to mitral regurgitation.
Late diastolic murmur with presystolic accentuation heard at the lower left sternal edge
Tricuspid Stenosis with Atrial Fibrillation - may occur from rheumatic heart disease or carcinoid syndrome.
Blowing holodiastolic murmur heard best at the sternal edge
Tricuspid Regurgitation in the setting of Pulmonary Hypertension - can result from pulmonary artery hypertension increasing resistance to right ventricular outflow.
Ejection click followed by a short systolic murmur best heard in the left upper sternal border
Pulmonic Regurgitation in the setting of Pulmonary Hypertension - can be due to pulmonary artery dilation as a consequence of high pulmonary artery pressures.
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