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Heart Sounds and Murmurs
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Holosystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border
Tricuspid Regurgitation - commonly caused by right ventricular dilatation, endocarditis, or rheumatic fever.
Diastolic rumble heard best at the apex with the bell of the stethoscope
Mitral Stenosis - most commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease.
Late systolic murmur following a mid-to-late systolic click
Mitral Valve Prolapse - often a benign condition but can progress to mitral regurgitation.
Blowing holodiastolic murmur heard best at the sternal edge
Tricuspid Regurgitation in the setting of Pulmonary Hypertension - can result from pulmonary artery hypertension increasing resistance to right ventricular outflow.
Medium-pitched mid-diastolic murmur heard at the left sternal border with the patient in left lateral decubitus position
Flow Murmur across the Tricuspid Valve - can be physiological or due to increased flow in conditions like atrial septal defect or heart failure.
Late diastolic murmur with presystolic accentuation heard at the lower left sternal edge
Tricuspid Stenosis with Atrial Fibrillation - may occur from rheumatic heart disease or carcinoid syndrome.
Low-frequency rumbling murmur best heard with the bell lightly pressed at the apex
Tricuspid Stenosis - often occurs in conjunction with other valvular diseases, especially rheumatic fever.
Soft mid-systolic ejection murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border
Atrial Septal Defect - a congenital heart condition where there is a hole in the atrial septum.
Ejection click followed by a short systolic murmur best heard in the left upper sternal border
Pulmonic Regurgitation in the setting of Pulmonary Hypertension - can be due to pulmonary artery dilation as a consequence of high pulmonary artery pressures.
Loud S1 followed by a mid-diastolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex
Mitral Stenosis with Preserved Atrial Contraction - typically occurs due to rheumatic heart disease.
Harsh systolic ejection murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border
Aortic Stenosis - often due to calcification with age, bicuspid aortic valve, or rheumatic heart disease.
A crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur heard best over the second right intercostal space
Pulmonic Stenosis - often a congenital heart defect.
Continuous machine-like murmur
Patent Ductus Arteriosus - a congenital defect in neonates.
Early diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best over the third left intercostal space
Aortic Regurgitation - can be caused by endocarditis, aortic root disease, or a connective tissue disorder.
High-pitched blowing sound heard best at the apex and radiating to the left axilla
Mitral Regurgitation - can be associated with mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, or infective endocarditis.
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